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The Weekly "BALTIMORE AN." $2.00 per annum. The best Family 
Journal published in the U. S.; a fact universally acknowledg-ed. 

Only Special Guide of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Circulated on its Lines. 



JAMES AITCHESON, 
Locomotive Brass Founder. 




Jh.rARH^ZN, 



No. 74 North Street, Baltimore. 




TO 





JOHN T. KING, M. D. 

Circulated on ovary Paisen^ar Train of ths Baltimore & Ohio 
Railroad and all its Divisions. 



Passengers and all others, in whose hands this Guide Book may 
fall, are assured that the merchAUts whose cards appear in it are 
among the most reliable and prominent iu the city, and offor in 
their respective lines articles jw(ra#merchandise of the best quality. 



f-4 

O 






o 



B»" Procure your Tickets at 149 West 
Baltimore Street, and Camden Station, 
Baltimore, and at 485 Pennsylvania Av- 
enue, and Depot, Corner New Jersey Av- 
enue and C Sts., Washing-ton. 

THOS. A. WILEY, 
Passenger Agent, Baltimore. 



70 Miles Shorter 

VIA BALTIMORE, 

TO ALL POINTS IN THE 

W^est and Sontli^vest 

Than the Pennsylvania Route. 



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Kntered, accordinsc to Act of Consresa. in tlie year 187:^. by Johx T. King, M. D., in the 
Olllce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 

/^^ GABRIEL D. CLARK^S Store, No. 33 South Calvert St., 

<iear Lombard, for the sale ot'riiis Fine Watches, Jewelry, Silverware, and 
iwiss Razors, imported from best European markets. Call and see. 
N. B. — Celebrated Swiss Razors and Strops for sale. p. \ \~\ ^' a 



L. MORRISON & GO. 

S. E. Corner Sharp and German Streets, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 




GAS WORKS 



— AND- 



MACHINERY, 

FOR SUPPLYING 

Country Residences, Public Insti- 
tutions, Railroad Stations and 
Factories, &c. 

Steam Fitting. 

OAS, WATER AND STEAM 

PIPES AND BRASS 

WORK. 



§miMWBY WBBM A &PE§M^W¥. 



Lift aad Force Piinjips. 



^ 




U. S. A. 




B ^L T I m: O UK. 

Rates, $3 and $4 per day, according- to location.. Guests -will 
please designate the .room on registering- th.e name. 

WILLIAM W. LELAND, Proprietor. 

Having leased for a long term of years this ■well-known and favorite Hotel— the 
most eligible in Baltimore— it will be open for the reception of guests early in 
August. 

The House is now being thoroughly re-fitted and re-furnished- the parlor, dining 
rooms, chambers and every apartment beautifully frescoed— baths, closets, sta- 
tionary wash stands, etc., on every floor— the beddmg, carpeting, upholstery, etc., 
entirely new, and of superior quality. 

One of Otis & Go's first-class Elevators has been introduced, and will be In 
constant operation for the use of Guests, rendering the upper story accessible at 
all times, and without fatigue. 

The House contains a superb Billiard Parlor, furniBhed with Taylor's latest 
styles of Tables ; Smoking and Reading Kooms, &c. 

The Eutaw is located upon one of the most elevated points in Baltimore, over- 
looking the city in every direction— convenient to business, the principal places of 
amusement, the Bailroad Depots, and Steamboat Landings— the street cars passing 
the door in every direction— and is connected by Telegraph to all points. 

Attached to the Hotel is a first-class Livery, the finest Landeaus, Clarence 
Coaches, Landaulets, Barouches, Saddle Horses. &c. 

Omnibussea and Baggage Wagons run to and from all Depots and Steamboat 
Landings. 

Nothing that art can accomplish, or the experience of a life-time suggest, will 
remain undone to make this pre-eminently the finest Hotel in this or any other 
country. W. W. LELAKD. 

Ocean Hotel, Long Branch ; Lel.vnds, Proprietors. Sturtevant House, Broadwny, 
New York ; Lewis A: Geo. S. Leland, Proprietors. Leland Hotel, Springfield. Ills.; 
Horace S. Leland & Co., Proprietors. Clarendon Hotel, Saratoga ; Chas. E. Lsland, 
^-oprietor. Delavan House, Albany, N. Y.; Chas. E. Leland & Co. i Proprietors. 
Palace Hotel, San Fraacisco : Warren Leland, Proprietor. 



v-^— « 

Baltimore, February 11, 18Y4. 
MR. R. C. DAVIDGE : — Dear Sir— Extensive experience of your 
ASBESTOS FELTING has satisfied us ofi ts EfHeacy and Durabiiii^. 
It has SAVED US AT LEAST THIRTY PER CENT. IN FUEL, and 
we would not be without it. THOS. C. BASSHOR & CO. 

Asbestos Non-Conducting Boiler and Pipe Covering. 
Send for Circulars. 

R. C. DAVIDGE, 93 West Lombard Street. 



INDEX. 

Page. 

Comparative Statement of Revenue and Expenses of Four 

Great Railroads 3 

Time Tables Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 6 

Connections of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 9 

Advertisements of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad .11 

Bremen Steamship Line 17 

Liverpool Steamship Line 17 

Savannah Steamship Line 18 

Wilmington Steamship Line 18 

Baltimore and Philadelphia Steam Packet Line 19 

Baltimore and New York Steam Packet Line 19 

Baltimore and Norfolk Bay Line 20 

Boston Steamship Line 20 

Hotels of Baltimore 21 

History of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 28 

Valley Railroad 50 

jNIaryland 54 

Historic Homes of the Valley of the Shenandoah 91 

Richmond and York River Steamboat Line 

Baltimore and Petersburg Steamboat Co 

"VYeems' Tiansportation Line 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BAL-mio^E st. 



D . K . OSBOUP.N . J . S. GAN TZ. 

D. K. OSBOUr.N, 
Stationery and Blank Bock Manufacturer, 

PEIHTIHO-, LLHCSEAPHINa Al^D il^^IO-IlAVINa. 

Writing, Printing and Wrax.pir.g Pcpcr, Paper Bags, Twines, dc., <&c. 
24 Geiran St., one door last of Charles Lt., LaitiiiiOie. 

COMPARATIVE STATEMENTS 

OF 

Expsies mi RsYOiiiis of Foir Graat Railroais, 

Showing which of thorn has the greater resources, and which is 
burdened with the siniUcr amount of liabiliiies, bearing in mind 
that the same i-ules which apply to the case of the Pennsylvania ap- 
ply also to the other great trunk liuei between the West and the 
Beabourd. 

It is only necessary to group the present financial exhibits of the 
corporations which are mainly parallel and are competing for the 
same class of business. The table is instructive : 

Roads ^^'^^^ Capital ^ , Total cap. 

^°*'^^- operated. stock. "'^^^^' and debts. 

Nfw York Central P51 $89,428 300 $16,496,000 $105,924,300 

New York and Erie 1,032 86,536 910 31.72y.079 ll8-65',979 

Pennsylvania 1.505 65,271937 (.3.386,887 116.658.824 

Baltimore & Ohio 1,101 lajlljlUO 10,169,087 :i0,980,087 

During the year the New York Central and New York and Erie 
have had a severe struggle to meet their current obligations. The 
Pennsylvania road obtained from the Legislature last April au- 
thority to increase its debt and capital stock by i^36,000, 000, and in 
October paidits dividend in scrip. The Baltimore andOhio rail- 
road in that same period paid out of its own currentand accumu- 
lated earnings a cash dividend of 10 per cent ; expended §? 10,000, 000 
cash in nev/ rolling stock, bridges, steel tracks, and new roads; 
reduced its indebtedness, and added !i:;2.8iJ0,uu0 to its surplus 
fund. Discarding fractions, its gross e.iruingsiu the year were 
$15,500,000; expenses, $10,000,000 ; not earnings, $5,500,000. Of 
the year before, the net earnings were $5, 000. 000. Despite the extra- 
ordinary expenditures, the company added $2, 832 000 to its surplus 
fund, which, on the first of October, 187.3, amounted to $29,034,- 
404. The company enjoys a credit, at home and abroad, superior 
to that of any other railroad company in the United States. It 
does business on the cash principle. It buys and builds with ilsown 
money. It has now under construction a rond through Ohio and 
Indiana to Chicago, which was progressing during the whole sea- 
son of the panic, and Avill be completed here during 1874. Now 
compare this condition of business with that of the other roads. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALmwREsr. 



The New York Central company has to pay out of its net earnings 
interest and dividends on $106,0U0,o00 ; the New York and Erie on 
$118,000,000; the Pennsylvania on $116,000,000, and the Baltimore 
and Ohio on S26.000,0u0. In addition the latter company has an 
invested surplus of it;29, 000, 000, and the oihers have none. De- 
spite the obstacles placed in its way by its rivals, it forms now one 
of tiie four great trunk lines from the west to the Atlantic. It is 
already able, even with a circuitous route, to carry passengers and 
freightfrom Chicago to the seaboard at a profit for less money than 
any of its rivals. It can deliver flour, grain, and provisions on 
board the Liverpool steamer at Baltimore at rates that neither of its 
competitors, nor any other railroad built and operated on the 
watered stock basis, can attempt. If the New York Central, New 
Vork and Erie, and Pennsylvania roads cannot afford to take a pas- 
senger from Chicago to N ew York or Philadelphia fur less than $20, 
or flour at less than ^1.25 per barrel — and these rates are actually 
nocessarj' to make a profit— it follows that the Baltimore and Ohio 
road, having to pay dividends on but one-fourth the amount of debt 
and capital, can perform the same transportation at much less. Es- 
timating the operating expenses on all the roadsto be the same, and 
equaling two-thirds of the gross receipts, each of the three roads 
has to pay i nterestand dividends on four times the amount of capi- 
tal and debt that the other road has to satisfy. Consequently what 
is but living profit to them is so large profit to the road doing busi- 
ness on a cash basis that it can always carry for less rates, and 
compel them to run at a loss, if competing for the same trade. 
Watered stock is a fraud, and the Baltimore and Ohio road is the 
detective officer destined to expose it. 

"Williara Y/ilkens. H. II. Graue. lioxiis Wilkens. 

WILLIAM WILKENS & CO. 



^^lli 



DEALERS IN HAIR CLOTH, DAMASK, PLUSH, 

Cabinet and Ooaclimakers' Materials in General. 
Mo. 3001 W. PRATT ST. No. 2!7 PEARL ST. 

Read's Grand Diiclicss Cologne,} BALxmJRlsT. 



Distances & Stations of B. & 0. E. E. 



Baltimore o 

Washington 40 

Ellicott's Mills.... 15 

Eljsville .* 20 

Woodstock ^ 25 

MarriottSTille, ..* 27 

Sykosville 32 

MountAiry 43 

Monrovia 50 

Frederick J'n 58 

Point of Rocks. .. G9 

Berlin 75 

Hagerstown J'n... 79 

Sandy Hook 8 ) 

Harper's Ferry.... 81 

Duffield's 87 

Kearneysville 92 

Vanclievesville.... 95 

Martinsburg 100 

North Mountain. ..107 

Sleepy Creek 117 

Hancock 122 

Sir John's Run. ,..128 

Willett's Run 133 

Rockwell's Run... 139 
Green Spring Run 1G3 
Patterson ' s Creek .170 

Cumberland 178 

Brady's Mill 185 

New Creek 2nl 

Piedmont 206 

Bloomington 208 

Frankville 214 

Swanton 220 

Altamont 223 

Oakland 232 

Cranberry Sum' it 242 

< heat River 253 

Tunnelton 200 

Newburg 2G7 

Thornton 274 

Grafton 280 

Webster 284 

Fleniington 290 

Bridgeport .297 

Clarksburg 302 



Wilso-nburg 306 

^alem 316 

Long Rna. 38q. 

Smithtou 326 

Central 332 

Pennsboro 342 

EUenboro .347 

Cornwallis 352 

Cairo 355 

L. F. Junction.... 364 

Walker's 369 

Kanawha 374 

Claysville 377 

Parkersburg 384 

Cincinnati 589 

Louisville 6P9 

St. Louis 929 

BAL'TIM02E. 
Camden Sta'n 
Carroll Switch.... 2 
Camden Jiinct'n.. 4 
Washington J'n.. 9 

Elk Ridge 10 

Hanover 12^ 

Dorsey's 15 

Jessup's 17 

Annapolis J'n 19^ 

Savage .21 

Laurel ,23 

White Oak 25 

Beltsville 28 

Paint Branch 31^ 

Bladensburg 34 

Metropolitan J'n. .39 
Washington ..40 

Mstropolitan Branch. 
Washington... 
Metropolitan J'n.. 1 

Terra Cotta 4 

Silver Spring 7 

Knowles' 11 

Rockville 16 

Gaithersburg 22 

Germantown 27 



Boyd's 30 

BRrncsville 33 

Dickerson's 36 

Tuscarora 39 

Pt. of Rocks... 43 

Harper's F'y.. 

Shenandoah 1 

Halltown G 

Charlestown 10 

Cameron ... 14 

Wadesville 23 

Stephenson's 28 

Winchester 32 

Kernstown 36 

Bartonville 38 

Newtown 40 

Vancluse 42 

Middletown 45 

Capon Road 50 

Strasburg Junct'n 51 

Tom's Brook 56 

Maurertown 58 

Woodstock 63 

Edinburg 68 

Mt. Jackson 75 

New Market 82 

Broadway 88 

Cowan's 91 

Linville.. 95 

Plarrisonburg 100 

Staunton 125 

Baltimore o 

Grafton.. 280 

Texas 294 

Fairmont 302 

Farmington 312 

Manniugton 319 

Burton 330 

Littleton 337 

Bellton 344 

Cameron 351 

Roseby's Rock 362 

Ben wood 375 

Wheeling 379 



i,EAWB emmEK swAwim. 

5.00 A. M. — "Washington, Relay, Annapolis Junction, Laurel, and Stations south 
of Laurel, Alexandria, Lynchburg, Danville, and Southwest. 

6.S0 A. M. — Richmond, and the South, connecting with Potomac Boat at New 
Railroad wharf, Shei>lierd, without omnibus transfer. Parlor Cars. 

6.35 A. ir. — "Washington, Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Cincinnati, Cohimbufi, 
Sandusky, Pittsburg, Staunton, C. & 0. R. R., Hagerstown and 
Rockville. Parlor Cars. Breakfast at Relay. 

6 50 A. M. — "Washington and "Way Stations. 

7.30 A. M. — Washington, Annapolis, and Relay. 

8.00 A. M. — Cranberry, Staunton, Frederick and all "Way Stations. 

9.00 A. M.— Washington and Way Stations. 

10.15 A. M. — "Washington, Relay, Jessups, Annapolis Junction, Laurel, Beltsville, 
Bladensburg. ("1.30 P. M. on Sunday for all "Way Stations.) 

1.30 P. M.— Ellicott City and "Way Stations. 

2.30 P. M. — "Washington, Way Stations, and Metropolitan Branch. 

3.30 P. M. — "Washington, and "Way Stations. 

4.10 P. M. — Washington , Anpapolis Junction and Relay. 

4 15 P. M. — Winchester, Hagerstown, and Way Stations", via Main Stem. 

4.45 P. M. — "Washington, Annapolis, and Way Stations, Alexandria, Lynchburg, 
Danville, and the Southwest. Pullman Cars. 

5.00 P.M. — "Washington , Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Cincinnati, Columbus, 
Sandusky, and Hagerstown. Supper at Relay. Pullman Cars. 

5.05 P. M. -^Frederick and Way Stations, via Main Stem. 

6.30 P. M.— Pittsburg, "Washington, and "Way Stations on "Washington and Metro- 
politan Branches, and Cumberland. Pullman Cars. 
10.15 P. M. — "Wasnington, the South,* Relay, and Annapolis Junction. 
All trains stop at "\^iaduct Hotel, Relay Station. 

SUXDAY TRAINS. 

5.00, 6.30, 6.35, 9.00 A. M., and 5.0^, 5.05 and 6.30 P. If. 
At 1.30 P. M. "Way Stations, Washington Uranch. 

No connection on Sunday to or from Stations on "Washington county and Valley 
Branches, orAnnapolis, or by 6.35 A. M. for Pittsburg, Columbus or Sandusky. 

TRALNS LEAVE WASHLVGTON FOR BALTIMORE. 

5.00, 7.00, 8.00 and 10.00 A.M.; 3..30 and 3.45 P. M., Daily, except Sunday. 

S.30 A. M.,and 1.00 (1.30 P. M. on Sunday), 4.45. 7.t.5 and 7.15 P. M., Daily. 

TICKET OFFICES— Camden Station, and Southeast corner Baltimore and Cal- 
vert Streets, where orders will be; taken for Baggage to be received and checked at 
any point in tli-e city. 

OLIVEH HOBLITZELL, 

General Agent, Camden Slaiion. 

L. M. COLE, THOS. R. SHARP, 

GenH Ticket Agent. Master of Transportation. 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, 



No. 179 
BALTIMORE ST. 



BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 

Main Line and Parkersburg- Division. 

JOHN W. GARRETT, President, Baltimore, M(l. 

JOHN KING, First Vice-President, Baltimore, Md. 

WM. KEYSER, Second Vice-President, Baltimore, Md. 

W. II. IJAMS, Secretary and Treasurer, Baltimore, Md, 

WM. T. THELIX, Auditor, BaItimore,Md. 

A. P. SMITH, Assistant Auditor. Columbus, Ohio. 

THOMAS R. SHARP, Masterof Transportation, Baltimore, Md. 

JOHX L. WILSOX,Mastor of Road, Baltimore, Md. 

\Y. C. QUIXCY, Gen. Superintendent Ohio Division, Columbus, Ohio. 

L. M. COLE, General Ticket Agent, Baltimore, Md. 

E. R. DORSEY,AssistantGeneral Ticket Agent. 

THOMAS P. BARRY, Western Passenger Agent. 

N. GUILFORD, General Freight Agent, Baltimore, Md. 

G. B. SPRIGGS,General Agent, Columbus, Ohio. 

C. A. CHIPLEY, Agent, 87 Washington street, Boston, Mass. 

BEXJ. AYILLIAMS, Purchasing Agent, Baltimore, Md, 

JOIIX C. DAVIS, Master Mechanic, Baltimore, Md. 

H. SIMDORX, Master Car Builder, Baltimore, Md. 



CONNECTIONS. 

(1) With Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore R. R.; also wit5i Lineof Steam- 
ers to Europe, and with steamers from iiaUimore to Koifolk and J'ort^mouth, 
(2)With Washington Branch. (3) With V/ashington County R. R. Division. (-t)\Vitb 
Harper's Ferry and Valley Branch. (5) With Stages for Berkeley and 
Bedford Springs. (6) With ConnellsviUe Route. (6>^ ) Witli Cumberland & Penn- 
sylvania R. R. (7)\Yith Parkersburg Division, over which, in connection with 
Marietta & Cincinnati R. R., through cars are run from lialfcimore to Cincinnati, 
without change. (8 iVv'ith Laurel Fork & Sand Hill R. R. (9) With Marietta & 
Cincinnati R. R. (10) With Ohio & Mississippi R. W.; also with Indianapolis, 
Cincinnati & Lafayette R. R.; with United States Mail Line of Steamers for 
Louisville and points on the Ohio River; also with the Louisville, Cincinnati & 
Lexington Short Line Route to Louisville, kc. 

(l)Witk Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, for Xew York, 
Philadelphia, and all Eastern cities ; with Steamers for Europe, and with Steam 
ship Line for X^orfolk and Portsmouth. 

(2) Parkersburg Division diverges from Main Line. 

(3) With Central and Ohio Division. 

(4) With Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, and with Steamers from Wheeling to 
river ports. 

(5) With Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad. 

(6) With Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway; also with Lake Erie 
Division of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. 

(7)Witk Little Miami, and Indianapolis and Chicago Division of Pittsburg, 
Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway, fur Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Chicago, &c.; also 
with Main Lineof Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railway, and 
branch from Columbus to Springfield. 

(8) With Cleveland, Mount Vernon & Delaware Railroad, 

(9) With Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway. 

(10) With Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railway. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} balSmorest. 



A TABLE INDICATING 

Differonce of Time between Washington and Principal Cities. 



WJien tlie clocJc is 12 

Alhany, N. Y 12.10 P. 

Annapolis, Md 12.02 

Atlanta, Ga 11.30 A. 

Augusta, Me 12.29 i*. 

Baltimore, Md 12.02 

Bangor, Me 12.33 

Bo-ton, ]\Iass 12.24 

Buffalo, N. Y n.52 A. 

Cairo, 111 11.12 

Cape May,N J 12.08 B. 

Charleston, S. C ....11.43 A 

Chicago, Jll 11.17 

Cincinnati, O 11.30 

Columbia, S. C 11.44 ' 

Columbus, O 11 36 

Denver, Col 10.08 ' 

Des Moines, Iowa 10.53 

Detroit, Mich 11.36 ' 

Dover, Del 12.06 P. 

Fort Wayne, Ind 11.27 A. 

Frankfort, Ky 11.29 

Galveston, Texas 10.49 

narrisbu!g,Pa 12.01 P. 

Hartford, Conn 12.17 

Indianapolis, Ind 11.24 A. 

Jackson, Miss 11.07 

Key West, Fia 11.41 

Kno.\-ville, Tenn 11.32 

Leavenworth', Kan 10.49 

Little Rock, Ark. 10.59 

Louisville, Ky 11.26 

Lynchburg, Va 11.51 

MeKiphis, Tcnn 11.07 

Miliedgcvillc, Ga 11.35 



noon, at Washiiiyton, it is at 



M. 



Milwaukee, Wis 11.16 A. 

Mobile, Ala II.IG ' 

Montgomery, All 11.23 ' 

Nashville, tenn 11.21 ' 

New Haven, Conn 12 16 P. 

New Orleans, L'-i 11.08 A. 

New York, N. Y 12.12 P. 

Niagara Falls, N. Y 11.52 A. 

Norfolk, Ya 12.03 P. 

Omaha, Neb 10.44 A. 

Philadelphia, Pa 12.07 P. 

Pittsburg, Pa 11.48 A. 

Portland, Me 12.29 P 

Portlaftd, Oregon 8.56 A. 

Providence, K. 1 12.22 P. 

Raleigh, N. C 11.50 A 

Richmond, Y;i 11.58 ' 

Sacramento. Cal 9.02 ' 

Salt Lake City, Utah 9.40 ' 

San P>ancisoo, Cal 8.f.8 ' 

Santa Fe, N. M 1A04 ' 

Saratoga, N. Y 12 13 P. 

Savannah, Ga 11.44 A. 

Springfield, 111 11.10 ' 

Springfield, Mass 12.18 P. 

St. Augustine, Fla 11.42 A. 

St. Louis, Mo 11.07 ' 

St. Paul, Minn 10.56 ' 

Trenton, N. J 12 09 P. 

Vicksburg, Miss 11.05 A. 

Wheeling. W. Va 11.45 ' 

Wilmincccon, Del 12.06 P. 

Wilmington, N. C 11.58 A. 

Worcester, Mass 12.21 P. 



Comparative Distances to Baltimore and New York. 

From Chicago, III. — To Baltimore, via Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 795 miles. 
To New York — Via New York Central railroad, 980 miles ; via Erie railroad, 961 
miles ; via Pennsylvania railroad, 899 miles. Less to Baltimore than the average 
distance to New York, 152 miles. 

From St. Louis, Mo. — To Baltimore, via Baltimore and Ohiorailroad, 929 miles. 
To New York — Via New York Central railroad, 1,167 miles; via Erie railroad, 
1,201 miles; via Pennsylvania railroad, 1,050 miles. Less to Baltimore than the 
average distance to New York, 210 miles. 

From Louisville, Ky. — To Baltimore, via Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 696 miles. 
To New York— Via New York Central railroad, 989 miles ; via Erie railroad, 987 
miles; Tia Pennsylvania railroad, 851 miles. Less to Baltimore than the average 
distance to New York, 246 miles. 

From Cincinnati, O/tto.— To Baltimore, via Baltimore and" Ohio railroad, 589 
miles. To New York — Via New York Central railroad, 882 miles; via Erie rail- 
road, 861 miles; via Pennsylrania railroad,?^ miles. Less to Baltimore than 
the average distance to New York, 240 miles. 

From Pittsburg, Pa. — To Baltimore by tho Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 327 
miles ; to New York by the Pennsjivania railroad, 431 miles. Difference in favor 
of Baltimore, 104 miles, and from all points south of Baltimore 200 miles. 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, 



No. 179 
BALTIMORE ST 



11 



BALTIMOEE & OHIO 

The Quickest Tims Ever Made 

;W^E ST! 

PiillHiaii's Palace Mm Gars oii Iliiil Trains. 



^^ IS T^mlns MmMw 

EACH WAY, 
JBettveen Baltimore and Washingzon! 

WflcMnfrinn PQCnoilTorci Purchasing their Tickets at the Ne^v^ Office, 
Wdifim^LOa rdic8GprS, No. 435 Pennsvlvania Ave^uo; 

np n^r imnro PiJCCDrrroro Purchasing their Tickets at the New Office, 
or bdKiraOrg ra^Seng-erS, Ccmer Baltimore and Calvert Sts. 

Can iKivc their Baggage called for and Checked direct from tht.ir licgidiiucj or 
Hotel to destination. 



From. Ealtimore. From "Wasliingrton. 

T13IE TO CINCINNATI, 23 licurs Sd mill. 22 hours 20 mins, 
TDIE TO LOCISVILLE, 28 '• §i '' 27 " 45 '' 

Ti3IE TO ST. LCUIS, §7 '' CO " §5 <' 4§ '' 

This Time is One Train in Advance of all Riva! Lines ! 

THOS. R. SHARP, Master of Tramportation. 
L. M. COLE, General Ticket Agent, Calttmore. 

SIDNEY B. JONES, Gen'l Pafis. Arjt, Cincinnati. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} B.^LSaoS st. 



SMOWBEH lb OOWMAN, 



MANUFACTURERS OF 






5 



u?5k.LSO, 



ELEVATORS, 

Freight or Passengers for HotelSj Stores and Dwelliags. 



^, j^,:% 






FOK. 



Warehouses, Stores, Wharves, Stevedores, Tun- 
nels, Hoisting Building Material, (fee. 



6 WEBT FiYETTE STREET, 



B^isTiiiomEs 



SKOWDSN & COWMAN'S 



We manufacture a very superior HAND Elevator for 
all purposes. Great care is taken to make tliem strong, 
durable and safe. 

SNOWDEN & COWMAN, 
No. 86 W. Fayette St., Baltimore. 



SUOWDEXf &, COWMAN'S 




TEiis Esigiiie is ISesiiaFkably SaiiipSc, Occiipi^M 
a Very SisaaM §pace, and Iliafiss Very Steady, 

By Using the Die Motion, whicJi Experience has Proved 

DURABLE and SATISFACTORY, in Practical 

Use, the Connecting Rod is Dispensed tvith, 

which Allows the Fly Wheel to 

Hang Loiv. 

No. 1 has a cylinder 6x6, fly-wheel 33 inches in diameter, 
175 revolutions with 60 pound steam pressure, making 6 horse 
power. 

No. 2 has a cylinder 7x8, fly-wheel 36 inches in diameter, 
170 revolutions wirh 60 pound steam pressure, making 8 horse 
power. 

No. 3 has a cylinder 8x8, fly-wheel 40 inches in diameter, 
160 revolutions with 00 pound steam pressure, making 10 horse 
power. 



SNOWBEN & COWMAN'S 




For Warehouses, Stores, Wharves, Stevedores, Tun- 
nels, Iron Furnaces, Hoisting Building 
Materials, Loading and Unloading 
Freight, Coal, Oysters, etc. 

No. 1 has one cylinder, fly-wheel and brake; runs 
backward or forward; will raise 600 to 1,000 pounds 
with single rope. 

No. 2 has two cylinders, and works with a clutch and 
brake; will raise 1,000 to 1,500 pounds with single 
rope ; is well adapted for coal wharves, iron ore, etc. 

No. 3 has two cylinders, runs backward and forward, 
and has brake; it will raise 1,500 to 2,500 pounds with 
single rope, and is adapted for heavy freiglit, or wharves, 
warehouses, stone-yards, etc. 

No. 4, the same as No. 3, with large cylinders, and 



will raise 2,500 to 4,000 pounds with single rope. 



FAIE HAYEN^, 



The elegant Bay-side Eesort of Fair Haven offers to 
tlie visitor and traveler the salt, salubrious air of the 
Chesapeake Bay, and where one can find every salt-wa- 
ter delicacy temptingly served, fish, crabs, and oysters. 

Elegant Steamers Ply Twice Daily, 

And upon them every protection, comfort, and courtesy 
are guaranteed the traveler. Every appliance for health- 
ful recreation, for old and young of either sex, is to be 
found there, and the visitor can enjoy luxurious salt 
bathing, fishing, and yachting. 

THE DANCING PAVILIONS 

Are spacious and conducted with rigid decorum, and 
the music upon the Steamers and at the Eesort is fur- 
nished by the best city bands. 

The Departure and Arrival of the Fair Haven Steam- 
ers will be found in the Daily Papers. 



FAEE FOE THE EOUND TEIP, $1.00, 



imm A!E mi mmm m mim route 

TO TH^ 

SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST, 

VIA. 

RiohmondjTork Eiver & Chesapeake E. R. Line 

VIA RICHMOND. 




THE STEAMERS OF THIS LIXE LEAVE 

PIER No. 10 LIGHT STREET WHARF, 

At 4 o'clock P. M. 

FOR RI0H[M:O]SrD, 

Connecting with tho Richmond and Danville, Chesapeake and 
Ohio, Piedmont Air Line, North Carolina, Charlotta, Columbia 
and Augusta, Greenville and Columbia, Richmond and Atlanta 
Air Line Railroads. 
For all information apply to 

E. FOSTEE, General Superintendent. 
N. H. HOTOHKISS, Traveling Agent. 

Baltimere ^ Petersburg Steamboat Compaajr, 

Pier lO Lig ht St reet Wharf. 

THE ONLY DIRECT LINE FROM BALTIMORE TO THE CITY 
OF PETERSBURG. 

Without breaking bulk or transfer of freight, connecting at 
Petersburg -with the Petersburg Railroad, for all stations on the 
Petersburg and Weldon, Raleigh and Gaston, and Wilmington and 
Weldon Railroads. Goods unloaded from the Steamers direct into 
the cars of the Petersburg Railroad. Freight received daily. 
Through bills of lading to all points on the above roads, and rates 
guaranteed as low as by any other line. 

For further information apply to 

JAMES HOLLINGSHEAD, Agent, 

Pier 10 Light Street Wharf. 

Read's Grand Duchess ColognejiBALmioREsT. 



Goodyear's India EulDlDsr Goods Hoiis^ 

W. a. MAXWELL, 

MANUFACTURERS' AGENT, 



No. 2!9 West Baltimore Street, 

BALTIMORE, 



MD. 



Leather and Rubber Machine BeUing and Hose, Lace Leather, Rivets and 
Punches, Hemp and Gum Fac'^ing, Va.-^on and Car Springs, Linen lloio f -.r F. c- 
torie:^, Brass Lipos and Couplin'-y,Clothincr, Boots and Slices, Hard Rul^bcr Cond?, 
Surgical, Family and Invalid Rubber Goodj. Articles of India Rubber manufac- 
tured to order. 




Bpltimopo Branch— John E. Brown, Manager. 

Office and Factory — .no. 8G North flollidiv St.. B-iU-'^-io-e. 

The main feature of the Salamander Felting is its ECONOMY. 

It is composed cf Asbestos an-l other non-conductin^<? materials, and has been 

tho ougi'ly te.-ited by alarge number of prnctical and scientific men, wV.o have 

satisfactorily deinonstrKted it to be the quiclicst and safest prodaccr of steam now 

kiiown, at the same time 

S-IV :T3 F.1"H 15 TO 25 PER CENT. IN FUEL. 

It is the MOST PERFECTiion-conductor now in use. 
It i.) perfectly' fire-proof. 

It v/ill not crack, but will contract and expand witli the iron surface. 
It iios.sesses the lightness and elasticity of cork. 
It u-ill last longer than any b iler. 

1 1 i > cheaper, because more diu al)le than any other felting. 
IiconplotMly pi-e^ervcs theiionfiora rust. 

It cm be appli d to eiiher hot or cold sutfaces without interrupting business. 
Item be-applirdby any ordinary i)lasterer. 
It can be painted and finished as tastefully as desired. 

Five Barrels of f' is Fr-.LTiya a-e ef|ualiu covering capacity to a Ton of any 
Ceme.vt k;)W in use, a..! wl'.l n ,t wei^vh o/er two hu dred pounds when :;p.)'.i '1 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALmwREST 



17 
NOnTH GBUMAK LLOYT>. 

STEAM BETVrEEX BALTIMORE AXD BREMEX, via SOUTHAMPTON". 

The Screw Steamers of the North German Lloyd, BALTIMORE, 
BEKLIN, OHIO, LEIPZIG, BRAUNSCHWEIG and NURNBUHG, 
of 2,5()0 tons and 700-horse power, run regularly between BALTI- 
MORE AND BREMEN, via Southampton. 

PujCES OP Passage.— From Baltimore to Bremen and Havre- 
Cabin, $100, gold ; Steerage, $30, gold. From Baltimore to Soutli- 
amptonand London— Cabin, $100, gold; Steerage, $30 currencv. 
i^rom Bremen, Southampton or Havre to Baltimore— Cabin, $100, 
gold; Steerage, $36 currency. 
Prices of passage payable in gold or its equivalent. 
Ihej touch Southampton both going and returnino-. 
Tnese tcsscIs take Freight to London, Hull, LeUh, Hamburg, 
Antwerp, Rotterdam and Amsterdam, for which through bills of 
lading are signed. 
An ex erienced Surgeon is attached to each vessel. 
A letters must pass through the Postoffice. No bills of ladin'^ 
but those of the Company will be signed. Bills of lading willposi" 
llous^e'''' delivered before goods are cleared at the Custom 

For freight or passage apply to 

A. SCHUMACHER & CO., 
No. 9 South Charles Street. 



ALLAN LINE. 

STEAM BETWEEX BALTIMORE AXD LIVERPOOL, CALLIXG AT 

HALIFAX EACH WAY, AXD AT XORFOLK, VA., WESTWARD. 
The splendid Screw Steamers of the above Line will run as adver- 
tised, taking passengers and freight to and from LIVERPOOL. 
PRICES OF PASSAGE : 
Baltimore to Liverpool or Queenstown 

gab"^ $75 Gold. 

Steerage.. ... 30 Currency. 

Liverpool or Queenstown to Baltimore— 

p'^'^^^ •••: $04 50 Gold. 

Intermediate 47 25 " 

Steerage '.*.*'..*.'.'.'.'..*.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.''. 32 00 Curr'y. 

At which prices parties desiring to send for their friends can 
6bt9in tickets. 

Through Bills Lading issued to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Flam- 
burg, Loudon, Antwerp and Havre. 

(ioods must be cleared at the Custom House before delivery of 
bills of lading, blanks for which latter will be furnished shippers. 

For freight or passage apply to the Agents, 

A. SCHUMACHER & CO., 
3 South Charles Street, Baltimore. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st 



20 

BifflieiE km BOSTON 
gWM^MSMIF LIME, 

VIA 2TOB.FOXi:K. 



The magnificent Ocean Steamers of this Line leave 
Baltimore and Boston twice a week. Every comfort, 
luxury and courtesy will be found upon these Steamers, 
and for speed and safety they cannot be surpasaed. 

Fare Each ffay, (Inclufiing Meals and Stale Rodib,) H2.50. 

I^OXJXvriD T3R,II>, sso.oo, 

A. L. HUGGINS, Agent, 

KOSTON ^^MAHF, FO©T OF I.ONC; S>0€K. 

BAY LINE 



iiati' 



Olio of Ihe magnificent Steamers of the Bay Line leaves Bal- 
timore Daily, (Sundays excepted,) at 4 P. M. 

Tliese Sieaniers are the most elegant south of New York, are 
fiirnisiied with every comfort, are lighted with Gas, provided 
with Bath Rooms, and are supplied with all improvements cal- 
culated to insure the comfort and enjoyment of the travelei — 
thus passing invalids and pleasure-seeiicrs over a large portion 
of I he roule without fatigue, and in the enjoyment of accommo- 
dations believed to be unsurpassed. Having access to the 
Markets of Baltimore and Norfolk — unquestionably the best in 
the countrj' — passengers will find the fare provided on these 
Steamers to be equal to any Hotel or Restaurant in the country, 
and served in a style to please the most flxstidious. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALmioREST. 



21 



BARNUM'S 

Monument Square, Baltimore. 

—9-* _ 

Furnished with Otis & Co.'s Improved Elevators. 



THOS. IVicGLANNAN'S 

CABllTET WAEEEOOMS, 

^0^ "W. Baltimore Street, 



J':^^^^^^M± 



WILLIAM HEINEKAMP, 

MANUFACTUEEB OP 

Grand, Square 
and Upright 

511 

WESTB.'l.l.TIMORi; ST., BAl,TIMOS8E. 

■ — « 9 — 

Agent for the rrescott Organ. All Pianos warranted for five years. lu^tru- 
ments Rented, exchangcMl, R epaired and Tuned at Moderate Prices 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} balSi^^Lst. 




22 



HIGHEST PEIGS 

ITo. 6 St Paul Strest, 

Kear Baltimore Street, ®<4Sf IM@aa, 

i « »»«» 

Perfect satisfaction guaranteed. A general assortment of 
Cloths, Cassimeres and Vestiugs kept constantly on hand. 

THE MASSACHUSETTS 

Li IfiiMce Colli 

— OF — 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 




TWENTY-TWO YEARS IN SUC- 
CESSFUL OPERATION. 

AssstsoverFive Million Dollars. 

INCOME IN 1873, $1,525,610.84. 

All Policies non -forfeitable by law of the State, and no other State offers equal 
advantages in this respect. 

Williams. GossiCK,ofCleaveland, Ohio, insured March 21,1865, under policy 
No. 10,122, for $l,CGO,givkigone-third loan note, and pay iuy quarterly, llisroliey 
lapsed September 21,1867. He died November 11,1869, two years, one montm 
ANT) TWENTY DAYS after the premium was due and unpaid. The whole amount of 
fflie I'olicy , 1 ess unpaid premiums , w as promptly paid under the non-forfeiture law. 

The Springfield Union of the 29th ult ,speakiMgof the annual meeting of the 
Company, says: "The detailed report furnishes figures which demonstrate that 
the Company is not only stronger than everbefore, but tliatit is the foremost 
Companyin Massachusetts, and ranks with the strongest and best in the country." 

tiA'WFOKB & McMIM, C^easerial AgCEafs, 
10 S. Holliday Gtreet, Baltimore, Md. 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, 



No. 179 
BALTIMORE ST. 



23 



R. B. COLEMAN, Proprietor, 

Baltimore, Light and German Streets, 



This new and beautiful Hotel is no\7 open to the Public. It is located on the 
site on the " Old Fountain Hotel," on Light Street, extended by an elegant front 
on Baltimore Street, and is convenient alike to the business man and the tourist. 

It is the only Hotel in Baltimore of the modern style, embracin;^ Elevators, 
Suites of Rooms with Baths, and all conveniences; perfect ventilation and light 
throughout; having been built as a Hotel new from its foundation. 

To accommodate Merchants and others who visit Baltimore, the Proprietor will 
charge $3 per day for the rooms on the fourth and fifth floors, making the differ- 
ence on account of the elevation. Ordinary transient rates for lower floors $4 
per diem. 

Guests of the house desiring to avail themselves of the above rates, will pleasa 
notify the Clerk before rooms are assigned. 

An Improved Elevator, for the use of Guests, is running constantly from 6 A. 
M. to 12 P. M. , rendering the upper stories accessible without fatigue. 

The undersigned refers to his career of over thirty years as a Hotel Manager, 
in Nevf York and Baltimore, confident that with a new and modern house, he can 
give entire satisfaction to his guests. K. B. COLEMAN". 




GILMOUH & SOUS, Proprietors, 
Monument Square, 



H. H. FOGLE, Manager. 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALTmoRE si. 



24 




Corner Ncrth and Monument Streets, 

IMPORTER AXD DEALER IN" 

ITAL.IAST MAH.BLS1, 

(BETWBEIT CALVEET AND NOSTH STEEETS,) 

BALTIMORE. 



Mantels, Monuments, Statuary, &c. of the most elegant 
designs. 

The star Ammoniated Phosphate. 
LORENTZ & RITTLER, 

OFFICE, No. 80 South St., 



This Fertilizer is uniform in quality. It is equally 
valuable as a Fertilizer to Cotton, Tobacco, Wheat or 
Eve, Corn and Grass. 

"Especial attention is invited to our OIL OF VITRIOL 
AND DISSOLVED BONE, prepared at our Chemical 
and Puper-Phosphate Factory, under the special direc- 
Liu;i of a thoroughly educated chemist. All the proper- 
lies are maintained to render it the most valuable food 
lor c ps We confidently assure farmers of its value 
as a general Fertilizer. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALmioSsr 



WlliS^TIilSPeETATIOIHNS, 



sT'Tixisrar -^x^E,.<^isrG!j 



.XSISTX. 



On and after THURSDAY, March 12tb, 1874, the Steamers 
MARY WASHINGTON and PLANTER will run as follows : 

MARY WASFJINGTON.— Leave Pier No. 8, Lidit Street 
YV^Kirf, every THURSDAY NIGHT, at 10 o'clock, for>atuxer.t 
River direct, far up as Iliirs Landing. Rctarniug, leave Hill's 
Landing every MONDAY JIORNING for Nottingham, and 
leave Nottingham every TUESDAY MORNING, at 5 o'clock, 
for Baltimore, calling at the Landings below Benedict for Pas- 
sengers only. Freight received at No. 1 Tobacco Warehouse 
Wharf, THURSDAY S ONLY, up to 4 o'clock. 

PLANTER.— Leave Pier No. 8 Light Street Wharf, every 
SATURDAY AND WEDNESDAY MORNING, at 6.30 o'clock, 
for Fair Haven, Plum Point, Governor's Run, and Patuxent 
River, far up as Benedict. Returning, leave Benedict every 
MONDAY AND THURSDAY MORNING, at G o'clock, for 
Baltimore. Freight received TUESDAYS AND FRIDAYS 
ONLY, at Pier No. 8 Light Street, up to 4 o'clock. 

M. L. WEEMS, Agent. 



FREDERICK DEETS, 





JUL ll'lliO 



Keeps constantly on hand a large stock of Parlor, Bed Room 
Library and Dining Room Furniture. 



Read's Grand Duohess Cologne,} Baltimore st 



iMl,SpilMflMiIPIiIOi 



THE BEST NOW MABE.-^m 




p 



m 
o 
o 
o 



P 



CD *^ 

O 

QQ 

P 



^:m^^m 



THE LARGEST and BEST ASSORTMENT in the CITY. 



Sole State Agencies for Smitii's Americaa Organs, E. P. Need- 
ham & Son's Silver Tougne Organs, and other leading mak.er». 
Illustrated Catalogues furnished on application. 

WM. KNABE Sc CO. 
330 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, an?. 113 Fiftli ATenue. New York. 



MSiiL IISTEIili 

Saddle Bags^ Medicine Oases^ 
ELASTIC STOCKINGS, 

Mmml h}}^im, EpHnt^ for Dimities and fmm 

FEA^IOIS AENOLP, 15 S. Sharp St., Baltimore. 



Re2':^'s Grand Duchess Coiogne^} baltimlJ: 



ST. 



27 



Importers and Dealers in 
Upholstery Goods, Curtains and Window Shades, 

ALL EliTD CABINET MAESHS' KATS3IAL3, 

"No. UN. Charles Street, Baltimore. 

B. ^Y. AMES. G. L. FENTRESS. 

^M2SS <Si FISKTUBSS, 

,,,,,„. jiiiiiiittiiiilfl. 

ids IVest Pratt St., 'Hjiltiiiiore, Md. 

£^" Ccocton, Dried Fruits, Oysters, Eggs and Green Produce. 




MarWeizea Slate Mantels 

Of the Best Quality and Lov/est Prices. 



JNO. DUER & SONS, 

DEALERS IN 

Cabinet and Builders' Hardware, 

24 S. Charles St. 



ESTAB LTSHKI ) 1839. 

joh::n" bullock & son, 

MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN BEST GRADES OF 

Fordga and hmii^ Shes, Eronnd hu and Heats Fool Oil, 

No. 61 S. GAY ST., BALTIMOSE, MD. 

MARBLE WOElTFaR CEMETERIES, 

Entirely New in Desig-n, of the Sest Marble. 

IVIonuments, Tablets, Head-Stones, Vases, Statuary, &o. 

AT THE STEAM MARBLE WORKS OF 

GADDI2SS BROTH :ERS, 
Oor. Sharp & German Sts., and 110 S. Charles SL, Baltimore, Md. 

Read's Grand Duchess Coiogne,} BALTni-^ui st. 



For Sale at t!is Principal Book Stores, and at the OfEce of Publication, 

He. 10 South Street, Baltimore, 

GEORGE W. HO\VARD'S 

!oiia!alClif:l!iPas!HiirfaiPFeEeiilReMrsi 

Hi\IVI3S«r^lSLiY B'>U?JS3 ATvVO IL,L,IJSTR.\TEI5. 

Containing accuriite Maps of tlie City and its Environs, including Druid Hill Park. 

Favorablj' noticed by the Press and many eminent men of the country. 



BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 

BY JOHN T. KING, M. D. 

In April, 1827, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company was 
tompletely organized, and Jonathan Knight and Col. Stephen H. 
Long were selected by the Board of Directors to make the necessary 
survey of the country through which the road was to be located. 
The Uovernmentof the United States was interested in the great 
enterprise to such an extent thatit detailed several of its chief engi- 
neers to aid in the accomplishment of the survey. 

In due time the reportofthese able engineers was presented to the 
President, Philip E. Thomas, and the Board of Directors, the said 
report affirming "the entire practicability of a railroad from Balti- 
more to the Ohio river, along the valley of the Patapsco, Singanore 
creek, to Point of Rocks in Frederick county." 

The construction of the road wag commenced on the 4th day of 
July, 1828, and the event was celebrated with extraordinary excite- 
ment and ceremony. The earth was broken and the first stone was 
laid by the venerable Charles Carroll, of CarrolUon, then over ninety 
years ot age, and declared it to be the mostimportantact of hislife, 
surpassing his signing the Declaration, on the southwest confines of 
the city, where what is now known as Mount Clare, the present site 
of the immense foundries and machine shops of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad Company. In August, 1828, the work of grading 
and masonry was begun between Mount Clare, Baltimore, and Elli- 
cott's Mills, situated on the Patapsco, fourteen miles from the city. 
On this section of the road, one mile from the city, is the Carrollton 
Viaduct, a fine structure of dressed granite with an arch of eighty 
feet span, over Gwynn's Falls. A short distance further is the 
famous " deep cut," remarkable for the difficulties it presented in the 
early history of the road. It is ahalfmileinlength and seventy-six 
feet in depth. Eight miles from Baltimore you enter the Paleozoic, 
Plutonian or Granatic region, and in the gorge through which the 
Pata[»sco flows the granite formations stand out in bold relief. At 
this pointis the "Thomas Viaduct," a noble granite structure of 
eight elliptical arches, each of sixty feet chord, spanning the Pa- 
tapsco at a h'-iglitof sixty-six feet above the river, and of a total 
length of seven hundred feet. Upon this bridge or viaduct is the 
Washington liranch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Three miles from the Relay House, on the main stem, is the Pat- 
terson Viaduct, a fine granite wcuk of two arches of fifty-five feet, 
and two of twenty feet span on tlio river. 




Hon. JOHN W. GARKETT, 
President Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. 



ESTABLISHED 1851, 

S\BIBB & CO. 

39 and 41 
Light Street, 

Baltimore, McL 
Manufacture and Sell, at Wholesale & Retail, 
THIS BESO? 

FIBE PLACE MATERS, 

V7arming Parlor and Cliambers by One fire. 




.^.IjSO, 



Ag^^ieultnral Cauldrons, 



AT THE 



BALTIMORE STOTE HOUSE, 



SEND FOR CIRCULAR, 



1® IP wsrip B^p w^ff^ip 




ON EUROPJi^AN PLAN. 



This elegf.nt Hotel is luxuriously furnished throughout, is 
located in the centre of the city, convenient to all Railroad De- 
pots and City Passenger Lines. Every luxury, convenience and 
comfort is presented to guests, on reasonable terms. 




Grinding Bones, Guano, Bone Ash, Cracklings, 

Coal, Oyster Shells, Chiy for Bricks, Fish, 

Animal Matter, Ore, and all 

hard Materials. 



5)team Engines, Boilers and MacMnory. 

North, and M^oniiinent Streets. 



If you want tlic Bo^t Elood Purmer anci Liver Invigorator take 

One Bottle is worth Six of Sarsaparilla. 
I Sold by all Druggists, and Trcscribed by all respectable Physicians. 

CLEMENTS & CO., Proprietors, BALTIMOBE. 




^SAT. 33. SKUKTZ & CO. 

CoMbJon lerckrii, mi Wholesale Fi, Cheese and Butter Soum, 

KTo. 11 C0M2!IBr.CE GTPvEET, BALTIMORE. 



83 

THOROUGH 

mil FURKISHIH 

Establishment in the United States. 

SAMUEL CHILD & CO. 

DIRECT IMPOETERS OF 

FINE FRENCH DECORATED CHINA, 

FINE FRENCH PLAIN WHITE CHINA, 

FINE ENGLISH PLAIN WHITE CHINA, 
Fine French, English and Bohemian Table Glass. 

INDIA CHINA, Beautifully Decorated. 

Also, BLUE CANTON and NANKEEN WARE. 

FINE IVORY TABLE CUTLERY. 

Fine Triple Plated Tea Sets, Castors, Cake Baskets, Butter 
Dishes, Ice Pitchers, Waiters, Goblets, &c., &c. 

FINE QUAIITY HEAVY BLOCK TIK WAEE, 

JAPANNED AND PLAIN TIN WABE, 

BASKETS, KITCHEN UTENSILS, 
And Manufacturers of the Celebrated 



34 

At Ellicott's Mills the Frederick turnpike, leaving Baltimore at 
West Baltimore street, and known as the Catonsville road as far as 
( atonsville, is crossed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad upon the 
Oliver Viaduct, a handsome stone bridge of three arches of twenty 
feet span. The road was completed to this point, Ellicott's Mills, 
and opened for travel on the 24th of May, 1830. In the beginning 
no one dreamedof steam upon theroad. Horses were to do the work, 
and even after the line was complete d to Frederick, relays of horses 
trotted the cars from Frederick to Baltimore. At different points 
along theroad relays of horses were provided, and from this circum- 
stance the "Relay House," at the junction of the m-ain stem and 
AVashingtoa Branch, received its name. One great desideratum in 
the running of the cars, drawn by horses at the rate of eight miles 
per hour, was to reduce the friction of the axles in their boxes, and 
this circumstance and difficulty was soon to find a master and rem- 
edy. Circumstances undoubtedly make men. About this time 
appeared in Baltimore Mr. Ross Winans, and with his quick, pene- 
trating, profound and philosophic mind, seized the difficulty by the 
horns, and instantly became a celebrity by inventing his "friction 
wheel," an ingenious and beautiful contrivance. The public was 
intoxicated with the " Winans Friction Car Wheel." The venerable 
inventor still lives, hale and hearty, and the venerable Charles Car- 
roll of Carrollton. as a "boy again," would take his seat on a little 
car in one of the upper rooms of the old Exchange building, now 
the Baltimore post-office and custom-house, and be drawn or hoisted 
up and down by a weight attached to a string passed over a pulley, 
and around him would stand, admiringly and delighted, the "prom- 
inent and mighty " men of Baltimore, pleased and tickled as children 
with an amusing toy. Could this same venerable patriot and 
"signer" of Carrollton leave for a v^^hile his sepulchre, and be joined 
by his old friends, and meet in the "Elevators" of the palace-like 
structure that bears his name, they would be ecstatic at the luxu- 
rious comfort and smooth transportation they would experience in 
being elevated to the sixth story of the Carrollton Hotel. 

When steam made its appearance on the Liverpool and Manchester 
Railroad it attracted great attention here, but there was a difficulty 
in running an engine on an American road. The English railroad 
at that period was made nearly straight, the American road was ex- 
ceedingly crooked; for a brief season it was believed that this fea- 
ture of the first American railroads would prevent the use of loco- 
motive engines, but the pVacticability was soon demonstrated by a 
gentleman stillliving at a ripe old age, honored and beloved, and 
distinguished for his private worth and public benefactions. This 
gentleman was Mr. Peter Cooper, of New York; he was satisfied that 
Bteam engines could be used on the crooked roads already built in 
the United States, and he came to Baltimore to practically test his 
faith, upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Mr. Cooper's engine 
did not weigh a ton, the boiler was not as large as the kitchen boiler 
of a range in a modern house; it was about the same diameter, but 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st. 



DANIEL F. POPE, late J. K. Oox & Pops. M. J. OWENS. 

POPE & OWENS, 
I^RODTJCEl 




SSION MERCHANTS, 



35 South St,, Baltimore, Md. 

ESPECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO THE SALE OF 



,5 ^i^«*!a,«ii.««ies«'-5«i^ ^--i^-v^sare-PD 

Poultry, Dried Fruits, &c. 

313 Ninth St., Washington, D. C. 






D 



NE\ir ANI> SECONIJ-IIAWB 

Machinery Commission Merchant. . 

_»_^ « »_* . 

Engrines, Boilers, Lathes, Drill Presses, Planers, Sewing: Ma- 
chines, &c., &c., in fact anything* you want in the 
line of MACHINERY. 

Shanks' Building, S. W. Cor. Lombard and Sharp Sts., Baltimcra, Md. 
' » • * ■ 

If you have Machinery of any kind you wish to dispose of, send me a correct 
description, such a3 size, weight, ( where practicable, ) how long in use, present 
condition, original cost, and the lowest price for which you will sell ; and if you 
Wish to purchase any second hand or new, let me know, and I will furnish ywu 
at mauufacturei''3 price, 



35 



^ot more than half as high, " and this was ihe first locomotive for 
railroad purposes ever built in America, and this was the first trans- 
portation of persons by steam that had ever taken place on this sido 
of the Athintic, and here is the veritable engine, car and passengers, 
and a perfect likeness of Mr. Peter Cooper, standing on his engine, 
holding the positions of engineer, brakesman and conductor on the 
first steam train and trip ever enjoyed in America. 



<T^J-^ &2s^ ^^^^ 




This celebrated ride behind Mr. Cooper's engine was between Bal- 
timore and Ellicott's Mills. The open car attached to the engine 
was filled with the worthy Directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road and their friends, (this old fashioned example is still in force.) 
The trip was most interesting, the curves were passed without diffi- 
culty at a speed of fifteen miles an hour. The Directors and their 
friends were elated^ and an enthusiast among the Directors, or 
among the friends, when the highest rate of speed was attained, eigh- 
teen miles an hour, inscribed it in a book to be transmitted to poster- 
ity, "0 tempora, O Mores I" '■^ Tempora Mutant, et Nos Mutamis 
cumillis." 

18'73. Baltimore to "Washington, 40 miles ; time, 39 minutes. 

The return trip from Ellicott's Mills was made in fifty-seven min- 
utes, distance tkirteen miles, August 28th, 1830. 

Tiie first improved passenger car built and used in England, and 
its pattern adopted by the United States, was thus constructed. It 
was a perfect " Pullman^ \in its day; it was a long box, seats ran 
along on each side, similar to our city cars, along deal table was 
fixed in the centre, and ingress and egress was by a door in the rear, 
with steps reaching nearly to the ground. The accompanying cut 
is an exact representation of the first '^improved passenger cars.'' 
(See PageSY.) 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, 



No. 179 
BALTIMORB ST. 



EST.A.J3ILI35-i:Br> IS-iS, 






SniPPEE, AND DEALER IN GEORGE's CREEK 

CUMBERLAID COAL, 

ALSO, lEON AND FIRE-BEIOK. 

I am Sole Agent at Baltimore for 

POTOiVlAC COAL CO. OF MARYLAND, 

"Which has recently purchased the valuable Coal Lands in George's 
Creek, adjoining their original Property, formerly owned by the 
Momit Clare George's Creek Coal Company; the Barton Coal Com- 
pany, their Railroads, etc.; Lewis Audenreid & Company; A. B. 
Shaw, and Henry G, Davis and others. 

Oivning and cojitroUing imsurpassed wharf facilities^ with depth of 
water to load vessels of hoenty-one feet draft, I am prejjared to Jill all 
orders with promptness and dispatch, and upon the viost favorabte 
terms. 

I receive Orders for superior Gas Coal ; also, Iron for Storage and 
Shipment. 

I am Sole Agent at Baltimore for the celebrated Savage Mountain 
Fire-Brick ; also, for the Firc-Brick aud Gas Retorts of the Wolsing- 
ham Park Dinas and Fire-Brick Company of England 

Being about to build another wharf, [ desire the Agency, at Balti- 
more, for Receiving and Shipping the products of one or two more 
large Coal Companies. 

Especial attention given to the Chartering of Vessels, and the 
Eeceipt and Shipment of Coal and Iron Consignnnents. 

I respectfully solicit the patronage of parties interested, either in 
Coal, Iron or Fire-Brick. 

OFFICE, 8 SOUTH GAY STREET, 

^A.m,sis®MS9 lis. 

I Refer to J. S. Norris, Esq., President First National Bank, 
Baltimore; J. S. Gilman, Esq., President Second National Bank, 
Baltimore; Chas. H. Ashburuer, Esq., President Abbott Iron Com- 
pany, Baltimore. 



.37 







In 183G the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was completed to Har- 
per's Ferrv, and the Washington Branch was in operation. The 
cost np to this time for this distance, Baltimore to Harper's Ferry — 
eighty-two miles— was $4,000,000. 

In 1839 the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was 
comrcen'-ed between Harper's Ferry and Cumberland, ninety-eight 
miles, and opened for travel in November, 1842. In 1847 the sur- 
veys and construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad were re- 
sumed, and the road Vv-as completed to Wheeling, June 1st, 1853. 

Tae distance from Baltimore to Vv heeling, or the length of the 
road, is three hundred and seventy-nine miles, and the total cost of 
construclion was S;i5, 039,000. Since the completion of the main 
Stem in 1853, two important extensions have been made by the com- 
pany, one from Grafton to Parkersburg on the Ohio river, and one 
from Washington to Point of Rocks, known as the Metropolitan 
road. 

It is the concurrent testimony of tourists from all lands that the 
scenery of the Baltimore and Oliio Railroad in natural and artistic 
loveliness, and the sublime, is unrivalled upon this continent or 
upon the Eastern continent, and for speed, safety and luxurious 
comfort is not surpassed. The road its entire extent passes through 
scenery enchanting, wild and sublirao; it goes under mountains, 
around mountains and over mountains, spans rivers and deep gorges 
by bridges as graceful and airy as a spider's vrcb. For the greater 
portion of its route it traverses scenery that refines the soul and fas- 
cinates the senses ; it climbs high mountains, winds along picturesque 
valleys and keeps company Vvith the crystal Potomac, and looks 
down upon the silvery ''Cheat" and "rippling Tray." Vast 
mountains scan their dark walls infront, and before one can exclaim 
"hi.'.v is itpoc-siblo to get over that mountain," t!;e train dashes into 
a daik hole, and in.-tanily total, tangible darkness envelops all, and 
we dash through the mountain and emerge into daylight on the 
opposite side, or the engine and train, without halt or hindrance, 
leap up the mountain side on as perfectly constructed stair steps as 
those of a dwelling, and descend in the same manneron the opposite 

Read's Grand Duchess Colognej} balSobest. 



38 

side. Upon one portion of this road between Piedmont and Alta- 
mont, you ascend the mountain upon a gradient of one hundred and 
seventeen feet to the mile, and this is maintained for seventeen 
miles, and for most of the distance the road is constructed immedi- 
ately over the Savage river, foaming and chafing, seven hundred 
feet immediately below the car-wheels; indeed, in some places an 
object dropped from the car window would fall clear of ihe track 
and fall clear to the giddy depth below. Between Point of Rocks 
and Harper's Ferry, magnificent tunnels are constructed, and the 
magnificent bridge and mountain gorge and scenery of Harper's 
Ferry are of world-wide notoriety. Between Harper's Ferry and 
Cumberland is the great Doe Gulley tunnel, twelve hundred I'eet in 
length, extending under a mountain one thousand seven hundred 
feet in altitude. Between Grafton and Parkersburg one daslics 
through no less than twenty-three of these long dark tunnels in the 
distance of one hundred and four miles, one of these tunnels being 
two thousand seven hundred feet in length; but the great tunnel is 
the "Kingv/ood," near the sublime Cheat river region; it is four 
thousand one hundred feet in length, cut through a mountain of 
solid rock; to make this tunnel it required two years and eight 
months of the incessant labor, day and night, of three thousand 
miners, masons and laborers. The bridges of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad are attractive to the scientist, fne engineer and the 
picturesque-loving tourist. The trestlings and bridges across the 
gorges, especially those spanning the Cheat and Tray, are sublime 
in their ethereal position and altitude ; they are supported by slender 
pillars of cast iron, apparently as light as wire gauze, yet strong and 
durable, and almost without a vibration when the ponderous engine 
and trains dart across them. One of these bridges is one hundred 
and sixty-six feet above the stream and valley, an elevation one foot 
more than Washington Monument and its statue; the other one 
hundred and thirty-two feet altitude. One feels in crossing these 
bridges as if he was riding in the air, or wheeling amid the clouds, 
and is intoxicated by the exhilaration of his sensations, aud awed 
by the surrounding sublimity. 

At Grafton the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad strikes the lovely 
"Tygart Valley " river, that lor picturesque scenery its entire course 
is seldom equalled, and runs parallel with it for nearly one hundred 
miles, until it joins the Monongahela; then almost immediately you 
come in view of the Ohio, and run parallel with its banks until you 
arrive at Wheeling ; here the railroad crosses the Ohio upon a mag- 
nificent bridge nearly two miles in length, and seventy feet above 
the sullen tide of the Ohio. The Baltimore aud Ohio Railroad also 
crosses the Ohio river at Parkersburg upon a similar bridge. 

The hotel system is a feature of this great railroad. The Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad Company keep their own hotels; they are 
furnished with every convenience, comfort and luxury, and trains 
stopping, passengers are allowed ample time to partake of a sump- 
tuous meal without confusion, hurry or anxiety. Their "Queen 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, 



No. 179 
BALTIMORE ST. 



H. A. CIABI.B is. CO. 

MANUFxVCTURERS OF 

DOORS, SASHES, BUNDS, 

Stairs, Stair Railing, Salasters and Posts, 

Mouldings, Eope Mouldings, Mantels, etc. 

MILLS, WIJLLIAMSFORT, PA, 

DEALERS IN 

Luffller, Lallis, SMniles aad larMsizei Slate Mantels, 

No. 373 W, Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Md. 




ft!) 



.©imttl@m la f tas, 




No. 29 W. Baltimore St. 

BALTiiyiORE, 1^0. 

Agents wantea in every toAvn to take orders for 
our Teas and Coffees in club form. Samples and 
lists furnished on application. 

Agents make from five to twenty dollars per day. 

mm^Mt S@t^teS H@t^feS 

We make a specialty of supplying hotels ; we 
know exactly what goods suit them, and they can 
rely on getting goods cheaper than elsewhere. We 
supply all the first class hotels in Baltimore, and 
would solicit a call. 

Our Coffees are Roasted and Ground Daily on 
the premises by improved Steam Machinery. 

T. G. N. Y. TEA CO. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,) BALimoKEST. 



40 



JWAll 



^1^ 



^ MM 



BmMriM&EMt Mm. 
DANIEL WILE h SON, Proprietors. 



To meet the demands of onr numerous friends, 
and to make the Howard House a still more popu- 
lar j)lace of resort for merchants visiting the city, 
we have reduced our rates to $2.00 per day, and 
therehy combine cheapness with first-class accom- 
modations. 

Coatinontal Lifo la^urano^ Ca 

OF NEy^y_YORK. 

Accumulated Assets $7,000,000 00 

Annual Income 3,182,827 78 

Policies issued in 1872, 12,010. 

Amount insured in '72. .$22,715,925 00 

Total Policies issued, 59,000. 

Annual dividends, all cash system, no 
restrictions on travel, all policies non- 
forfeitable—life, endowment, term pol- 
icies, annuities, &c. Policyholders have 
a voice in elections. Thirty days grace 
allowed in payment of renewal pre- 
miums. 

L. W. FROST, President. 
M. B. WYNKOOP, V.Pre't. J. P. ROGERS,Sec'y. 
J. W. LANGLEY, Manag-er, 
Kcs. ?& and 42 Po-t Office Avenue, Baltimore. 

The HEW LOW RATE TERM PLAN of this Com- 
pany has been a. great success. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} baltoim/e st 




(S'-iccessor to TBi\L & HAUTSTAN,) 

No. 139 W. BALTIMOEE STEEET, BALTIMOKE. 




'^'^"^K 



^11 



l:^: 



'% © 



\l 



im1//ff^t^i,,>;>^%r 



Ladies' and Gentlemen's Furnishing Goods, 

Undor-Drsss, Hosiery, Gloves, Berg-man's V/orsteda, and 
And all kinds of XIOTIONS B.lwayS en hand. 



ESTABLISHED 1834. 



GANFIELD, BHO. & GO. 

IXTatclies, BiamondSj Jei^i^elFy, 

SIL-VER AM1> PI.ATE:I> WAE2E, 

Paris Clocks & Bronzes, Fans, Opera Glasses, 

ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN 

FANCY GOODS & FINE TABLE OUTLEEY, 
229 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore^ 

)8^^^merican "Watclies a Specialty. "^sa 

A.. ^. SA-UItlR & CO. 

MANTJPAGTUP.EI13 OF 




Silver Plated Sash and Show Cases, 

48 HANOVER ST., BALTIMOKE, MD. 

Wood and Metal Work of every description. Store and Office Fixtures. Plate 
Glass and Glass Plates. 

SHRIVER BROS. 



C3-E2SrE:El-A.31. 

58 south: STilEET, 



Pii ill 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, 



No. 179 
BALTIMORE ST. 




JJNTO. A. H^MBLIETON <& CO., Bankers &> Brokers, 
ITo. 20 South. Street, Baltimore, 
Transact a General Banking Business. Buy and Sell, on Commission, in this and other 
markets, all descrij)tions of Stocks, Bonds, and Securities, Special attention given to Invest- 
ments. Deposits received subject to Check at Sight. Loans Negotiated and Advances made 
on approved Collaterals. Collections on all points in the United States and Canada. 



43 

City Hotel," Cumberland, is a bui'lding of magnificent proportions, 
unsurpassed in every respect; the grounds of the hotel arc enclosed 
and handsomely laid out, and ornamented with fountains, trees and 
shrubbery, with beautiful lawns and croquet grounds. The centre 
building is one hundred and forty feet long, two-stories high, sur- 
mounted by a cupola; an ornamental piazza ten feet wide extends 
along the entire front and ends, giving a promenade of four hundred 
feet ; the wings are forty-seven by eighty-four feet, four-stories high ; 
the back-building is thirty-seven by ninety-seven feet, three-stories 
high, with a basement under the entire building. The entire hotel 
is heated by steam, provided by two large tubular boilers. 

The Company's next grand hotel is the "Deer Park Hotel." This 
elegant hotel is situated at "Deer Park," Garrett county, on top of 
the Alleghany Mountains, three thousand feet above the level of the 
sea. The hotel is surrounded by a magnificent grove of forest trees, 
and magnificent mountain views are attainable in every direction. 
The hotel is four-stories high, with Mansard roof, and its entire ex' 
tent is surrounded by broad piazzas above and below It is ele- 
gantly furnished, and is supplied with both gas and water through- 
out. There are one hundred and fifty rooms, all elegantly furnished. 
The grounds are tastefully laid off in walks, drives, flower-beds and 
fountains. Connected with the hotel are livery stables, ten-pin 
alleys, billiard rooms, and croquet grounds. It is in every respect 
the peer of the "Queen City" at Cumberland. 

At Oakland is the " Glades Hotel," and at Grafton a cleanly and 
comfortable hotel. With these facilities and comforts, the travel by 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is truly pleasurable and luxurious. 
At all these hotels the mountain air is bracing and life- res to ring, 
and to the over-worked, invalid and tourist, they furnish a delight- 
ful retreat, where the refined and intelligent meet in social intercourse 
and enjoy the magnificence and sublimity that environs thein on 
every side. 

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, ninety miles west of Grafton, 
passes through Moundsville near Wheeling, and the tourist comes in 
view of the curious and ancient tumuli or mounds, from which 
structures the town derives its name. They were built by an ancient 
and extinct race, of whom tradition nor history furnish any informa- 
tion. That they were an intelligent and artistic people, ample tes- 
timony proves. These mound builders must have been numerous, 
and probably possessed and occupied the vast area between the 
Alleghany and Rocky Mountain regions, for their mounds and 
various articles of their handicraft are to be found over a great por- 
tion of the western area of the continent. They existed long previous 
to the creation or advent of the North American Indians, and far 
exceeded them in intelligence and artistic skill. These mounds are 
about seventy or eighty feet high, and the same in diameter at base. 
They are nearly perfect cones, some of them being truncated by 
time and the attritive agency of rain. They are hollow in the inte- 
rior, having only one chamber ; and in these chambers have been 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALxmoRl sr. 



44 

found the osseous remains or portions of the human skeleton. Some- 
times these bones are of gigantic size, and indicating their living 
possessors to have been a race far greater in stature than any present 
existing, or historically described people. Along with these human 
remains are occasionally found coins, j^erfect in their workmanship 
and finish, bearing visibly characters and inscriptions that closely 
resemble, if they truly are not, the ancient Runic Nurnijraphy of 
the extinct and warlike Norsemen, that one finds upon quaint old 
rune-stones or coins. Beyond a doubt, whoever these mound build- 
ers were, they lived long previous to the Indian race, and were 
versed in abstruse science and some of the fine arts; anditistobe 
regretted that no reliable tradition or written record preserves their 
name and deeds. And a similar fate awaits their successors — the 
Indian race; in a few years, within half a century, not one will be 
left ; no vestige will be found either in the way of architecture, art 
or written record of their own, to furnish evidence or remind the 
nations of the earth that a mighty race had at one time existed, and 
possessed and occupied the vast American continent. It is sensible 
to pause and consider. Two great nations once on this continent 
totally extinct, buried beneath the deep tide of oblivion as unknown, 
and as little considered as the dead beasts of the field, or the hidden 
carcasses of the sea. But what matters it to them? human remem- 
brance and human praise or condemnation affects them not; they 
were the creation of their Maker ; they, in their existence, subserved 
his purpose, and that accomplished, the mound builders and the 
Indians glide out of existence as the fading scenes in "dissolving 
views" of the camera. 



EmA £a 



This Trade Mark, 
for Havana Cigars, 
has heen Patented, 




^M.^ 



And any person 
•using' the same will 
"be prosecuted. 



Importers of Havana Clp;ars and Finest Wines & Liquors, 

50 SOUTH OAY STISEET, BAILTSMOI^S. 



Road's Grand Duchess Cologne^ 



Xo. 179 
BALTIMORE ST. 




^^m 






ifi 




ikmf^f kl^r'T ' "^"^ ! ^■^ry^<^?;^'"%"5I^ 



M 

a"i^^'qi^!t!!'.'iriHi!v!iii'iil,;'^ri; hin :i:.|ili1'ii'iir;iltei;||iili.!!iiiiri 



46 



HUTCHINSON & CO, 



No. 2 N. Charles Street, 

Near Baltimore Street, 

m&m^Emmmm^ mm. 




Make SHIRTS TO ORDER nt Low 
Prices. Goods Sent Free of nJxpress 
Chiirges. 

A specialty of the COAT FITTING 
SHIRT. Price List and Directions for 
Measuring sent upon application. 

Satisfaction Guaranteed. 




INDIAN MOUNDS, MOUNDSVILLE, 



Dj) m 



lAIIllY W©I 

Of all kinds done in Short Notice. 



Goods called for and delivered. 'No Chemicals 
used. Washing done by hand. Family Wash- 
ing at reduced rates. 



URIAH A. ' POLLACK, 

MANDPACTUHErt OF AND DEALER IN 

MATTRESSES AND BEDDING, 
Coverlids, Blankets, Comforts, etc. 

Ho. 96 North Howard St., 
Between Mulberry & Saratoga, BALTIMORE, MD. 



l^^^^f ^ 




48 




91, 93, 90 and 97 OimW 5IEBET, 

Near Baltimore & Oliio Depot, M^^riMQ^M,» Mm. 




The Hotel has been renovated and refitted with all the mod- 
ern improvements, Gas and Water conveniences on every floor. 

The Bed Rooms are Large, Cool and Airy. 

Special attention given to the wants and comforts of our 
gnests. National Fire Escapes and Babcock's Fire Extinguish- 
ers ou the premises. The Hotel is convenient to all the Southern 
and Western Railroads, Steamboat Landings, &c. Car running 
every five minutes to all parts of the City, saving hack hire. 
Telegraph ofiice in the house. 

Terms, $2 or $2.50 per Day, according to the Eoom. 

E:^"A]l the appointments are first-class. Accommodations for 
250 Guests. 

R. SHARE, Proprietor. 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALimoREiST. 



49 



JAMES E. STANSBUKY, 

f ilii isi ff till liil 




Atlantic Wliarf, Canton, Baltimore. 



JOHN D. HAMMOND. 



HENRY A. ANTHONY. 



JOHN B. HAMMOND & m. 



1^ 



O_C0lUB HAHtllACTtJBERS, 

W1IOL.ESAL.E A.VL) RETAIL., 

361 "West Baltimore Street, 

(Opposite the "Euta-w House,") 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALTiiiouE st. 



50 



VALLEY BAILKOAD. 

ROBERT GARRETT, PRESIDENT. 

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, joined at Point of Rocks in 
Frederick county, Maryland, by its Metropolitan or Washington 
branch, pursues its course to Harper's Ferry. At Harper's Ferry it 
enters the Shenandoah Valley by its Wmchester, Potomac and 
Strasburg connection and uses this road as far as Strasburg, fifty- 
one miles up the Shenandoah Valley. At Strasburg the Baltimore 
and Ohio transportation is continued upon the Manassas division of 
the "Washington, Virginia-Midland and Great Southern Railroad, 
and this connection preserves the line of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad, unbroken, as far up the valley as Harrisonburg, in Rock- 
ingham county, a distance of one hundred miles. Heretofore the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, by contract only, made use of the 
Manassas division of the Washington, Virginia-Midland and Great 
Southern Railroad, for the purpose of transportation between Stras- 
burg and Harrisonburg, a distance of fifty-five miles ; but under a 
recent lease the Baltimore and Ohio will have sole control and 
assume exclusive jurisdiction over this division. The Valley Rail* 
road connecting Harrisonburg and Staunton, thereby eftects unin- 
terrupted transportation from Staunton to Baltimore and Washing- 
ton city by the new route. Staunton is located on the Chesapeake 
and Ohio Railroad, which connects Richmond and Huntington, 
West Virginia, hyaline four hundred and fifty miles in length, 
extending entirely across the States of Virginia and West Virginia, 
and traversing every variety of country and through mineral 
sections of great wealth. From Staunton, it is known, the Valley 
Railroad is to go south, the work being now under contract, and 
will traverse Rockbridge county to Lexington, pass through Bote- 
tourt county, and terminate at Salem, in Roanoke county. The 
entire length of the Valley Railroad from Harrisonburg to Salem 
is one hundred and thirteen miles. 

At Salem the Valley Railroad connects with the Great Atlantic, 
Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, reaching southward to connections 
with the Virginia and Georgia Railroad and the East Tennessee and 
North Carolina Railroad at their junctions in the State of Tennessee. 

The Valley Railroad in its entire extent traverses the Valley of 
the Shenandoah, a region celebrated for its fertility and agricultural 
wealth, its picturesque valley and magnificent mountain scenery. 
From Harper's Ferry to Salem the valley of the Shenandoah is en- 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALmioTE st. 



^ 






^1 m ^ 



For Com, Oats, Potatoes, Grass, Wheat, &c. 

PKICE S50 PEIS TON. 

HACHTEL'S PURE DISSOLVED BOUE, 

20 to 25 per cent. Soluble. For various Crops. 

PKICE ^50 FEIS TON. 

HACHTEL'S TOBACCO FERTILIZER, 

For Tobacco and other Crops icquirirg a Ligli percentage of 
Ammonia and Potash. 

PRICE S60 FEfg TOM. 

GEirUIHE LEOPOLDSHALL KAIITIT, 

The Celebrated German Potash Salts, 

For top-dressing Tobacco, Potatoes, Oats, Corn, Beets, Cabbage, 
Peach and other Fruit Trees, &c., &c. 

PISICE ^3© PEK TOW. 

Fertilizing Materials and Chemicals, 

Farmers who desire to make their own Fertilizers. 
LIBERAL DISCOUNT TO DEALERS. 

JOHN C. HACHTEL & CO, 

'So. 14 Bowly's Wharf, Baltimore. 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} baltimokest. 



^ 
& 

® 
^ 



63 



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o 
CC 



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Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, 



No. 179 
BALTIUOKE ST 



dosed on the east by the long blue South Mountain range, and on 
the west by the North Mountain chain, both being ridges of the 
great Blue Ridge or Appalachian range. The whole valley, averag- 
ing twenty-five miles in width, is highly cultivated, luxuriant crops 
of cereals and hay occupy the soil, and numerous fat herds of beef 
cattle are to be seen browsing and feeding in broad, luxuriant pas- 
tures. 

CoNSTRDCTlOy AND MaSONRY OP THH VaLLET RaILROAD. 

From Harrisonburg to Staunton-, twenty-six miles, the Valley 
Railroad is graded, ballasted with the exception of a few hundred 
yards, and substantially bridged. There is not upon the continent 
a road more thoroughly and substantially constructed; the road 
bed is enclosed by two parallel walls formed of large stones and 
stone slabs, sinsilar to tho curbs of a street, and within this space is 
deposited the comminuted limestone fifteeninchesin depth; uponthis 

, substantial bed the crossties are placed, and between the crossties 
the spaces are filled with the same material, thus forming a solid, 
undisturbable foundation. Along the entire line of the road are 
inexhaustible quarries of the finest quality of limestone, and the 
blasting, cutting and excavations through them were a stupendous 
and laborious undertaking. Many of the quarries along the road 
furnish a variegated limestone, beautiful in its variegated laminaeand 
striye, and o fsuflBcient strength and density to be utilized in the way of 
slabs for tables and furniture, and the construction of mantles, and 
the fisslUiflferous formations exhumed in its construction would 

* enthusiastically entertain and engage the geologist. 

The direction of the Valley Railroad takesit across turbulent rivers 
and wide chasms, and causes it to pierce mountainous bluffs and 
obstructions. For variety, picturesqueness and sublimity it is not 
surpassed by the Baltimore and Ohio save in its Cheat river scenery. 
It traverses in its entire extent a region of the valley unsurpassed 
in rural loveliness and landscape beauty. Valley and mountain aro 
blended in one view. On the one hand the intensely blue South 
Mountain trends away towards the south in graceful undulations, 

*and the "Three Sisters" affectionately nestle side by side, and the 
dark black wallofthe "Massinutton" towers aloft unto the clouds, 
and when gilded by the rays of the setting sun presents a scene of 
splendor that dazzles by its gorgeousness and awes by its sublimity 
In its course the Valley Railroad going north from Staunton crosses 
the Middle river, and crosses the North river three times, necessitated 
on account of the tortuosity of the stream. Hence it was necessary 
to construct four large bridges to span these rivers. In the con- 
struction of these bridges the masonry of the Valley Railroad is 
certainly unsurpassed. In the execution of the work masons who 

•have been engaged on the Mount Cenis tunnel were employed. The 
skill ofhe artisan and quality of material excite and attract ad- 
miration and the labor, science, and engineering skill displayed 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} balSmorest. 



CLAKK & SNEIDER, 



MANUFACTURERS OP 



ft SHEE Brescl-LOifc Slot Gi, 

ALTERING 

Muzzle-Loading Guns to Breech-Loading a Specialty. 

WRITE FOR PARTICULARS TO 
No. 214 WEST PRATT STREET, NEAR CHARLES. 




POINT OF ROCKS. 



53 

upon these gigantic bridges will ever be a monument to the 
engineers of tlie VrJley Railroad. The Middle river bridge is 450 
feet long, 60 feet above the water, and has two abutments and three 
piers. The three North river bridges are respectively 315, 340, and 
350 feet long, 40, 50, and 61 feet in height, and have two piers and 
abutments each. The deep, lengthy cuts upon some portions of the 
road are wonderful. At section 11 the road is cut through solid 
rock and limestone 60 feet high, and this cutis over 600 feet long, 
and the cut and road gracefully conform with the curve in the river, 
which is immediately beneath the track. At Mount Sidney, ten miles 
north of Staunton, is the magnificent cut a half mile in length 
and twenty-four feet deep, through th« solid rock, and penetrating 
a bed of limestone rich in fossiliffeous treasures. The culverts are 
also of the most substantial masonry, and every portion of the road 
bed and construction presents a thoroughness and durability seldom 
found. The cost alone of these bridges was from $50, 000 to $60, 000 
apiece, and the average cost of construction of this portion of the 
Valley Railroad was about $35,000 per mile, and when one con- 
siders the amount of work done and the obstructions surmounted, 
the construction cost is surprisingly economical, and is an evidence 
of the judicious expenditure of the funds and the faithful discharge 
of the respective duties of all concerned. 

At Harrisonburg, the eastern terminus of the Valley Railroad, 
the road bed is constructed through the western suburbs of the 
town, and by its construction that portion of the town has been 
very decidedly improved. Streets have been straightened and 
graded to conform to the level of the road bed, and substantial stone 
bridges built across muddy depressions, and culverts of substantial 
masonry have been constructed by which thorough drainage is 
secured. In the portion of Virginia and West Virginia ^through 
which this road will pass, are 21,000 square miles of the richest 
mineral deposits upon the earth, coal, iron ore, magnetic iron ore, 
hematite, emery, and a region inexhaustible in the finest timber for 
the ship builder, carpenter, or cabinet-maker. The coal fields of 
this region exceed by double the amount of square miles those of 
the State of Pennsylvania, and will for centuries furnish a home 
and employment to thousands of colliers and miners. The valley 
will furnish the mining emigrant from every portion of Europe an 
abundant and healthy home, and the mountains of coal and iron 
and timber will guarantee work and remuneration for untold 
generations yet to come. In these mountains at present game is 
abundant, and the virgin fertility of the soil in the valleys will 
furnish readily all that is required for the sustenance of man. There 
is not upon the earth in the same given space such a variety and 
combination, such abundance of mineral wealth, or a spot more 
charmingly inviting for plentiful and happy homes. It may truly 
become the paradise of the miner and collier, and in due time this 
wild region will swarm with the stout laborers of Europe and our 
own country 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne^ 



No. 179 
BALTIMORE ST. 



54 

With the contributing lines of communication at Salem the Valley 
Railroad, when finished to that point, will carry the products of the 
south and southwest and receive at Staunton the contributions by 
the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and at Harrisonburg the inex- 
haustible products of the vast coal and mining regions of West 
Virginia by the narrow gauge, and from thence transport tb.em 
over the line controlled and worked by the Baltimore and Ohio 
down the valley of the Shenandoah to llarper's Ferry, and thence 
by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to the depots and wharves of 
that company. The advantages of the great consuming and dis- 
tributing capacities of Baltimore will thus be realized to great and 
distinct sections by this combination of routes. 



BALTIMORE— ThG Momirnental City. 
BY JOHN T. KING, M. D. 

There is no city upon the American Continent so picturesquely 
and salubriously situated, and of greater commercial advantages 
than Baltimore. 

Located upon the most magnificent Bay upon the earth, distant a 
few hours from the Ocean, thereby enjoying a delicious climate, 
environed by a magnificent amphitheatre o f hills charmingly adorned 
by stately mansions and picturesque cottages. 

Baltimore's monuments, churches, libraries, and public institutions 
rank her among the magnificent cities of the world. 

The opulence, courtliness and hospitality of her citizens are oi 
world-wide fame, and endear her to travelers and visitors from every 
clime and country. 

Baltimore's varied manufactories and scientific institutions, em- 
bracing every department and variety of industry and science, invite 
the skilled artizan and scientist from every land ; her environs at- 
tract the capitalist and rural loving agriculturist, and the unfailing 
streams that irrigate her confines furnish to superfluity every water- 
power facility. 

In 1800 the population of Baltimore was 31,000; in 1874 it is 
over 300,000 ; and the area occupied by her will include thirty-sis 
square miles; her business thoroughfares nre adorned by stately 
brown stone, iron and marble structures, the stores and warehouses 
of her merchant princes. 

In 1816 Baltimore was lighted by gas, the first gaslit city on the 
continent; and in 1827 she laid the corner stone of the greatest 
railroad upon the earth ; and in 1844 she constructed and operated 
the first telegraph line that the nations of the earth ever heard of 
or saw. 

At present her railway connections extend in every direction. 
The great Baltimore and Ohio has its western terminus at the shores 
ol the Pacific, and its southern upon the banks of the Gulf of MexicQ. 




THE SUN IRON BTJILDIISra, 

8. E. Corner of Baltimore and South Streets, 
^ * BAL TIMORE, MD. 

7FFICU OF TEE DAILY AJfD WFEKL Y SUJV, 

THE BEST AND CHEAPEST NETVSPAPEIia PUBLISHED. 

)mlv Circulation larger than all the other city morning papers combined-conse^ 

quently unrivaled as an advertising medium, 
^^HMS^Mly Sun $6 for 12 months; $3 for 6 months; $1.50 for 3 months. 
Weekly Sun, fl.SO/Jr 12 months; %\ for (S months^m advance. 

A S. ABELL & CO., Propiiietoes. 



The Northern Central, Western Maryland, Baltimore and Potomac, 
and Philadelphia and Wilmington stretch away in every direction, 
and bear the manufactured and agricultural wealth of a continent 
to her doors ; coast-wise and foreign steamships swarm at her 
wharves and bear her merchandise to every nation and clime. 

Baltimore's colleges, schools and institutions of learning are of 
world-wide fame, her medical schools especially, and the i'anie of 
the Old University of Maryland and that of kathan Ryno tSmiih 
have been echoed by her Alumni in every clime and in every tongue . 
her schools of denistry have not their superiors anywhere. 

The Bar of Baltimore has ever been renowned for the legal ability 
and dignity of its members, and still has for its proud capital the 
collossal brain of Reverdy Johnson, and is adorned by the Ionic 
mind of learned Teakle Wallis, and the Doric iutellecta of Latrobe 
and Steel. 

The Library of the Baltimore Bar is one of the largest and best 
selected in America ; and the law school, for ability of its professors 
and the thorough legal training of its pupils, has not its superior 
on the continent. 

The Press of Baltimore has a universal reputation for its ability 
and purity of style. In the refined arts her citizens are foremost. 
The private gallery of William T.Walters, Esq., is said to be the richest 
and rarest upon the continent, and hardly inferior are the private 
collections of Mr. John King, Jr., Vice-President of the Baltimore 
and Ohio R, R., and J. Strieker Jenkins, Esq., Colonel of the 5th 
Maryland Regiment of National Guards. 

W ilh equal propriety could Baltimore be styled the city of churches. 
She numbers 204 sacred edifices of striking architectural proportions 
and adornment, including every denomination of religionist, and 
the celebrants at their altars are sacerdotal functionaries of profound 
biblical and ecclesiastical learning. 

Baltimore's temples of the muses and drama are among her promi- 
nent architectural attractions, and are among the chaste and refined 
resorts of her citizens ; her hotels are equal in size, comfort and 
cuisine to any on the continent. Baltimore is called the Monu- 
mental City from the chaste classic monuments and shafts reared to 
to the memory of the nation's illustrious dead and to her own, and 
to commemorate the gallant and heroic deeds of her ancestors. 

No city in the world can present such attractive suburbs. Druid 
Hill Park is pronounced by tourists from every land the most beau- 
tiful park, naturally, in the world ; it is adorned by statuary, foun- 
tains, lakes, arbors, rustic bridges, ancient forests, and is alive with 
birds and animals ; elegant carriage roads and graveled walks lead 
in every direction, and lovely views and vistas are visible at every 
turn ; it is accessible by short carriage drives or by the various city 
railways; visitors are regaled upon stated evenings with choice 
music from a superior band. The other attractive suburban locali- 
ties are Hyland Park, Druid Park Heights, Pattergon Park, Scheutzen 
Park, and Peabody Heights; they are all of gmj access by the va^i- 
1 



ous street and suburban railways. Almost suburban in the facility 
of acH-c'SS are Fair Haven and Holly Grove, upon the shores of the 
Chesaj)eake, where the most refined citizens of Iialtimore resort to 
"iiiov salt air, salt bathing and fishing. Magnificent steamers ply 
hu . \y between the city and these resorls. 

U.I 'n the eastern confines of the city is a snburb that may with 
pn.^ ty i,e called "Manchester," from the variety and extent of 
r..s v,>iii)iis industries. The locality is known as Canton, and cov- 
ers an area of 2,800 acres, divided into 18,000 bnilding lots 2i) by 
100 feet. The Streets are graded and paved, and the river margin 
is occupied by extensive wharves and piers, extending into the river 
to water 26 feetin depth. 

The Union Kailroad has its terminus at Canton and connects with 
the Northern Central, Philadelphia and Wilmington, Western Mary- 
land and Baltimore and Potomac. Among the Canton industries, 
in part, are the following : 

No Hands. 
12 Oyster and Fruit Packing Houses 2,500 

1 Stone Cutting yard 60 

2 Stove and Hollow Ware Foundries 200 

1 Sugar Refinery 40 

1 Fruit and Oyster Can Factory 60 

1 Roiling Mill 1,000 

1 Axe Handle Factory 60 

1 Dredging Company 100 

1 Transfer Company 

2 Chemical Works 40 

1 Car Wheel Company 250 

1 Brickyards 2,000 

2 Steam Saw Mills 40 

1 Agricultural Work 30 

1 Steam Elevator 

1 Sash Factory and Planing Mill 25 

1 White Lead Work, (just started) « 

3 Iron Smelting Furnaces 150 

1 Copper Smelting Furnace ^ 250 

1 Bridge Builder and Machinist 160 

3 Distilleries 

8 Coal Oil Refineries, (with capacity for refining 5,000 bbls. 

per week 75 

6 Lager Beer Breweries 60 

1 Packing Box Factory 10 

1 Shipyard 

4 Fertilizing Manufactories , 45 

3 Lime Burners 30 

1 Cotton Batting Factory 20 

1 Furniture and Wooden Ware Factory 300 

Compared with Philadelphia — our railway rival — the results we 
hall state with entire fairness. In these statements of values we 

2 




GERMAN CORRESPONDENT BUILDING. 
ESTABLISHED SINCE 1840-33 YEARS. 

DAILY AND WEEKLY GEEMAN COERESPONDENT, 
F. RAINE, Proprietor. 



give, as far as possible, round numbers, rejecting fractions of thou- 
sands. Ill 18V0 the import entries at Baltimore were $19,512,000 ; 
in 1873, $29,287,000, an increase of nearly $10,000,000. In 1870 
Baltimore'sdome3ticexportswere$14,33'),U00; iu 1873, $19,344,000 
—an increase of about $5,000,000. In comparison with Philadel- 
phia, it stands thus : The Baltimore imports in 1873 being $20,287- 
000, those of Philadelphia were $23,3i<3.000— a difference in favor 
of Baltimore of about $3,900,000. On the other hand, the domestic 
exports of Philadelphia are in excess nearly $5,000,00e, attributable 
wholly to the petroleum trade, of which it naturally has control. 
How large an item this is, will be seen in the fact that, of the total 
domestic exports from Philadelphia (120,600,000) three-fourths, or 
$15, 000, OOOare petroleum. BaltimoreleadsPhiladelphiainthearticles 
of grain, cotton, refined sugar and tobacco, thus: Grain, $3, 350, 000; 
cotton, $1,750,000 (Philadelphia being nil); lard, $841,000; re- 
fined sugar, $151,000 ; and tobacco $5,0"'0,000. If anything were 
needed to show how imporant to the commercial interests of Balti- 
more are our Southern and Southwestern railway communications, 
and how impotent Philadelphia :s in this direction, these figures do 
it conclusively. It is a great triumph, too, that we compete so well 
with our rival for the grain trade of the Northwest, even with our 
own communication till recently incomplete. In domestic exports 
Baltimore takes the lead to Brazil, Great Britain, Nova Scotia, Porto 
Rico and Uraguay, and it is noteworthy that while the imports to 
Philadelphia from Great Britain exceed ours, we ship more domestic 
produce to Great Britain. To Ireland alone Ave ship, of domestic 
products, $3,650,000, and Philadelphia $2,700,000. 

The analysis of the import entries shows these results : From 
Brazil, the French West Indies, Germany, Guiana, Greece, Porto 
Rico and Uraguay, we import $10,800,000 more than Philadelphia. 
From Belgium, France, Great 'BriUiin, British "West Indies, Italy, 
Netherlands, Peru, Portugal, Russia and Spain. Philadelphia im- 
ports $7,000,000 more than we do, leaving a net excess to Baltimare 
of nearl)- $4,000,000. The great excess of Baltimore is from Brazil, 
where the aggregate of imports is $9,303,000 ; Guiana, $1,272,000; 
Germany, $1,135,485 ; and Porto Rico, whence w^e import $2,329,- 
000, and Philadelphia, $1,224. In4he great Cuba contest wc are 
neck and neck— Philadelphia $8,171,000 and Baltimore $8,100,000. 
Of sugar and molasses our imports are $12,000,000, and Philadelphia 
less than $9,000,000. All these results speak for themselves, and 
need no gloss. They show what the commerce of Baltimore is, and 
what it can be made to be. The total emigration of 1873 — mostly 
skilled laborers— into Baltimore was 18,733, of whom 14,189 were 
Germans. At Philadelphia ihe arrivals were 1,305, of whom 505 
were Germans. 

THE BALTIMORE GAZETTE. 

The Baltimore Daily Oazette is among the first news and commer- 
cial papers of the country ; it daily contains the most recent and 



important intelligence, foreign and doraestic, and full and accurafo 
repoiis of bll the'raarkets and monetarj transactions. The Weekly 
G^';2ci/e contains all items of interebt of the Daily, and also intellectual 
reading matter. 

foud's opera house, and ford's holliday street 

THEATRE. 
Strangers and travelers sojourning in Baltimore will find either 
of these temples of the muses and drama refined and entertaining 
places of amusement. They can rely upon them being of the most 
unexceptionable character in regard to their roles and visitors, and 
are frequented almost exclusively by th,e refined and elite of the city. 
Nightly entertainments are presented at each of theiUj and both are 
accessible from every section of the city. 



MARYLAND, 
BY JOHN T. KING, M. D. 

If one will contemplate the physical formation of this continent, 
it will be immediately and strikingly observable that there are two 
great water sheds, one on the Eastern or Atlantic littoral margin, 
the other on the Pacific or Western confines of the continent ; and 
that the continent is traversed by two vast mountain ranges, main- 
taining very nearly, throughout their entire extent, a northeasterly 
and southwesterly direction, very nearly equidistant, and including 
a vast valley, whose transverse area is the distance between the 
Alleghany and Rocky Mountain ranges. 

In this area, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, are to be found 
every phase and formation, geologically, from the lower Silurian 
up through every variety of formation and strata to the most recent 
or alluvial. 

In the locality and within the limits of Maryland, the whole 
geological series is present, and after leaving the ancient primitive 
formations and Silurian system on the Atlantic water-sheds, one 
enters the cretaceous and carboniferous area in the Alleghany 
Mountain range. East of Dan's range of the Alleghanies, as far as 
the Blue Ridge, all is cretaceous, confined to the mesozoic period ; 
west of it, the formations belong to an earlier period, the paleozoic 
or carboniferous era, and it is here in Maryland that one finds 
himself into the midst of the great coal fields. 

That this region was, at one time, submerged, that even the 
loftiest peaks of the Alleghany Mountains were for a considerable 
time covered by the sea, is indisputable. The fossil remains ot 
both existing and extinct marine raolluses, univalvular and bival- 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st. 



/\ 




THE BALTIMORE AMERICAN BUILBING. 



55 



Proprietors and Manufacturers of 

GOLD'S PATENT IMPROVED 

STEl ffl 1I[R lEIITIiG 

LAWSON HOT ME FIJMAOES, 

Paris and Warren 




fif€M. 



THE PARLOR SUN 

Fire Place Stove. 



'J Cook and Parlor Stoves 
In Great Variety. 



Nos. 363 aM 303 m\ Biire Street, 

COR. eutavn/ street, 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} balSoIest 



56 

vular and piscatorial fossils are daily met with in the carboniferous 
formations, firmly and deeply imprisoned, and extricated by the 
miner's pick. 

That the great upheaval of this mountain range was long sub- 
Bequent to the coal formations, requires no argument or extraneous 
proof to convince one of the fact. Upon the apices of the loftiest 
peaks of the range are to be found the coal measures or beds, with 
their strata undulating conformably with the irregularities of the 
Tange throughout its longitudinal concatenation, gracefully curving 
perpendicularly in some places, in others, breaking off abruptly, the 
terminal escarpments of the fracture being several hundred feet 
above and below a horizontal line, one of the escarpments being on 
top of the mountain, the other from several hundreds to several 
thousands of feet in the valley. 

That they have been submerged but once, there is ample proof, 
and undoubtedly this long submergence was very early in the 
mundane existence. It was away back in the silurian and paleozoic 
ages, when the earth was in its infancy, and it extended throughout 
the entire carboniferous era. Of this submergence and upheaval, 
no tradition could ever exist, or within record testify, for the human 
family was not in existence. The Deluges, traditional and scrip- 
tural, are occurrences of yesterday, compared with the ages and 
eons of time that have elapsed since the Alleghany Mountains were 
covered by the sea. The human family did not come into existence 
until the long mesozoic period had elapsed, and more than two- 
thirds of the cenozoic had passed away: not until the almost 
termination of this latter period, amid the eocene, miocene and 
pliocene ages, did the human form appear on the earth. 

That the valleys of the Alleghanies have been inundated by 
pluvial and fluviatilo accumulations, there can be also no doubt. 
The irruption of bodies of water through the mountain ranges is 
apparent, and admits of logical proof. In a number of localities, 
contiguous to one another, bodies of water contained in the deep 
valleys between the mountain ranges, have worn a channel through 
the mountain and these vast lakes have been drained and the 
ancient water-beds are now dry land and fertile valleys. Between 
Piedmontand George's Creek the Savage River, or natural water flow 
or drain of the eastern aspect of the Glade's region, worked its way, 
conjointly with the Potomac, through the transverse sections of 
Dan's range, and the pent-up waters of the vast lake, now valley, 
between Dan's Mountain and the great Savage Range, and between 
Dan's Mountain and Will's Mountain, worked through, by solvent 
and altritive agency. Will's Mountain, one mile from Cumberland, 
leaving a gorge indescribably sublime and known asthe "Narrows." 
Innumerable instances of the coercive outlets through the mountain 
ranges exist in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the escaping 
waters leaving the ancient Lacustrine bed dry and arable land. 
That these ancient lakes were filled with water up to the level of 
the lowest depression in the mountain range, and that by the attrition 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st. 



57 

or -wear of their overflow the gorge in the mountain proceeded from 
above downwards, until a bed or level was attained as that of the 
lake-bed, is also apparent. The gorges are all wedge-shaped, or 
infundibuliform, the base of the wedge being uppermost, or as an 
inverted cone. 

If the irruption of the waters of these lakes had begun suhterrane- 
ousli/, the disintegration of tlie mountain, and the enlargement from 
the attrition of the escaping waters of the escapement channel would 
have been almost exclusively lateral or horizontal, for the weight 
of a volume of water flowing through a channel acts more eff'ectually 
upon the bed and sides of the passage through which it flows, and 
as the lake would soon be lessened in volume by the outflowing of 
its water, the flow through the forced aqueduct would be lessened 
and subsiding from the roof of the tunnel would leave an arched- 
way perfect and continuous through the mountain. The formation 
and existence of cascades and large water-falls prove conclusively 
that the attrition of overflow and irruption commences at the summit 
of every gorge. The rapids or escapement of waters of Lake Erie 
is corroboration of this fact. The eastern and western hemispherea 
are vast, bold mountain ranges, and the bed of the Atlantic Oceaq 
is a vast valley three thousand miles broad by ten thousand long. 
The Atlantic Ocean is a vast lake or series of lakes, precisely similar 
in its topography to Lake Erie and Ontario, for there is a great 
water-fall or Niagara, a great precipice extending from the eastern 
to the western hemispheres, from Newfoundland to Ireland, known 
as the great telegraphic plateau, on account of the Atlantic cable 
being laid upon it. This Oceanic or inter-continental precipice is 
overwhelmingly sublime, not only on account of its great horizontal 
extent, but also as to its fathomless depth, the depth of the ocean, 
instantly and as abruptly as the Niagara Precipice, increases from 
a few hundred fathoms to a depth of seven miles, and soundings 
there are not obtainable. The beholder is mute viewing the Horse- 
shoe Falls at Niagara ; the effect would certainly be insupportable, 
if he could stand on the floor of the ocean immediately beneath this 
oceanic cataract, and sec a sheet of water three thousand miles 
broad fallin^j from a perpendicular height of probably ten miles or 
more. 

There is no question but what the vast valley between the Alleghany 
and Rocky Mountain ranges was at one time an inland sea almost 
equaling in extent the great valleys or waterbeds of the Atlantic and 
Pacific Oceans. From the incessantly changing character of nature, 
the molecular restlessness of matter, constantly akering in form 
and position, this interchange of land and water that once has taken 
place, will undoubtedly ocour again : what is now dry land will be 
submerged and the Atlantic and Pacific basins be dry and arable 
valley3°and broad prairies dressed in gorgeous floral garniture; 
where now these profound waters roll, and the Leviathan and whalo 
and smaller fishes disport and have a home, broad crops of golden 
sheen will wave like the undulations of the sea, and resplendent 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALimoREST 



58 

cities will arise, and happy homes will exist, and millions of the 
human family and animals of every type and species will live and 
move. 

The mountain ranges now covered by the sea will stand forth in 
grand and lofty ranges with their fossil stores of fish and shell and 
animal remains. The Azores, Teneriife, and Mederia, will be snovr- 
clad peaks piercing the hovering clouds ; the Pacific archipelagoes 
will be one grand mountain range broader in area and greater in 
altitude than the Alleghanies or Rocky Mountains. On this ocean 
bed will iron bands be laid upon which lightning trains will dart. 
Man will wander amid this wreck and ruin of a pre-existing conti- 
nent and race and curiously and enthusiastically explore the long 
avenues, deep chambers and broad arches of the coral mountains 
that will dazzle the eye by their purity and whiteness as they 
gleam in the splendor of the noonday sun, and as he traces and 
gazes on this interminable line of coral pinnacles and spires that 
trend for thousands of miles, along this coast, they will appear like 
the ornately chiseled nave of some vast and gorgeous cathedral, and 
he will be alternately fascinated and awed by its beauty, magnitude 
and grandeur. He will doubtingly pause and ask, could this have been 
built and adorned by the insect world? Man will also roam amid 
groves and interminable forests of gigantic ferns and trees, and num- 
berless herds will brouse and feed upon the, at the present time, su- 
buiidine luxuriant foliage and herbage, that detached and withered, 
has for ages, and is now adrift, appearing like a mid-oceaa prairie in 
the verdant Sargasso sea, deceiving Columbus by its land-like 
appearance nearly four centuries ago, when traversing an unknown 
sea, by inspiration, making for an unknown world. 

On the other hand, the races that inhabit this now dry land will 
be no more! their cities will be submerged, and fish will disport 
in their chambers and streets, and on the broad plains and in the 
long valleys in place of the buffalo, there will roam countless and 
huge monsters of the deep ! where now the husbandman sows and 
reaps his crops of grain, countless acres of molluses and fish organ- 
isms will exist. The Alleghany and Rocky Mountain ranges will 
be islands of the sea, uplifting their peaks above the circumfluent 
waste of waters. 

Lastly — when this new continent appears, formed of the Atlantic 
and Pacific Basins, the Scientist, the Naturalist and the Geologist 
of that period fraternally and inquisitively roaming, will find the 
exuviae shells and skeletons of once living and curious forms and 
species, and they will confer and reason and concur, determine and 
affirm that these now submarine mountains and valleys were once 
covered by the sea, nor will they desire or demand any human 
tradition or written record to aid them in their conclusions or to 
prove the fact, for the position and enduring testimony will be 
inscribed upon the mountain sides and coral reefs, and an imperish- 
able record will be graven in the fossiliferous pavement of a sea- 
abandoned continent. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st. 



59 

By what agency or force this alteration of sea and land will be 
effected, it is reasonable to conjecture. As the former interchange 
was occasioned by violent, igneous, volcanic and gradually ex- 
erted calorific force, so, in all probability, will causes again effect a 
like result. That it will again occur is undoubted, whether the 
event shall be remote or imminent, for to the watchful observer and 
geologist, the gradual interchange has already begun and gradually 
and surely going on : encroachments of the sea upon some coasts in 
some localities is yearly apparent and has attracted attention from 
the thoughtful and observant, and promising and proving a verifi- 
cation of the Scriptures that this earth shall not wholly be destroyed 
again by a universal cataclysm, but by another agent — a consuming, 
pyrogenous one. 

The climatology of Maryland, as influenced and determined by its 
position and physical aspect, is of necessity varied, including a range 
thermometrically and hydrometrically from arctic to equatorial 
conditions. The eastern shore and the eastern belt that littorally 
extend along the Chesapeake Bay, are exceedingly humid and tem- 
perate, almost tropical in its seasons and flora. The eastern shore, 
sensibly feeling the thermal influence of its inter-oceunic position 
and proximity to the Gulf Stream, the winters are more mild and 
humid and vernal season or weather is several weeks ahead of other 
portions of the State ; the northern and western portions are cold and 
rainy, and long and vigorous winters prevail. In the Alleghany 
region the springs are late and chill, and rain descends without 
warning, owing to some drifting clouds getting in the cold condens- 
ing stratum of the mountain range. 

The prevailing winds nearly all over the State are almost diamet- 
rically opposite, previous to, and succeeding the winter and summer 
solstices, on the eastern shore. The winds are much influenced by 
and indeed are partially the northern limits or caudal fragments oi 
the great Atlantic "Trades" that unchangeably blow from the 
same quarter, the southeast, and absorbing heat in its passage across 
the Gulf Stream, averaging two hundred miles in width, infringes 
upon ©ur coast laden with warmth and moisture. Under these cir- 
cumstances, this eastern shore region must of necessity be a locality 
highly favorable to agriculture, horticulture and fruit culture, inde- 
pendently of any natural fertility or fertilizing agent. These cli- 
matic advantages, combined with the deliciousness, variety, and 
abundance of iis marine and fluviatile productions, render ths por- 
tion of the State the Paradise of the epicure and gentleman of ease, 
and the Mecca of the literary and la,zy. 



CHAPTER II. 

That portion of Maryland intervening between the Chesapeake 
Bay and the Blue Ridge range of mountains, especially that portion 
north of the Patuxent River as far as the Pennsylvania line, belongs 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st. 



60 

to the ancient lower and npper Silurian paleozoic period. In- 
deed, no portion of the earth in the Eastern or Western hemisphere 
can claim seniority to it, in this area, especially about the City of 
Baltimore and EUicott's City. All along what is known as Elk 
Ridge are formations exclusively restricted to the lower and upper 
Silurian age, and the fauna consist totally of the extinct fossil speci- 
mens of molluscs and fishes. The region referred to is upon the 
eastern or Chesapeake Bay 'a littoral confines, from the Patuxent river 
to the Patapsco, bluffy, especially in the counties of Prince George's 
and Calvert, and so marked in this physical characteristic, that the 
southern portion of Calvert is called the *' Cliffs of the Patuxent." 

Each of these counties is Jurassic and cretaceous of the ovlitic and 
mesozoic period. This elevation is maintained as you recede from 
the bay shore, and is diversified by undulations, increasing in mag- 
nitude, until you strike the Blue Ridge or Appalachian range proper. 
This region, in a metalliferous point of view, contains some iron ore, 
and near the City of Frederick are to be found slate quarries of a 
superior quality of that mineral. Going directly west from Balti- 
more, the first glimpse of the Blue Ridge range of mountains is ob- 
tained at Frederick city. Here a long, lofty ridge rises into view, 
trending north-east and south-west, and is known as the Catoctin 
Mountains. Beyond this is another range which is the "South 
Mountain." Crossing this range you descend into one of the love- 
liest valleys that mortal eye ever rests upon, containing fine resi- 
dences and highly cultivated farms, and presenting every landscape 
and rural beauty, that nature and cultivation can bestow. It was 
in this valley, sheltered on the east by the South Mountain and on 
the west by the North Mountain, that one of the most sanguinary 
conflicts of the late fratricidal war took place. The immediate 
locality of the battle was adjacent to the little village of Sharpsburg, 
and upon the banks of the picturesque Antietam creek. Upon the 
site of this deadly struggle is the National Cemetery, and contains 
inhumed within its precincts the remains of over five thousand war- 
riors. In this valley also is situated the neat and urban like town 
of Hagerstown. 

Along the summit of South Mountain is presented a most curious 
and interesting phenonenon, and which is readily resolved into the 
certainty of its being the bed of an ancient river. It runs parallel 
with the mountain range and its longitudinal inclination or dip is 
toward the north, consequently the waters of this ancient river must 
have flowed in that direction. Apart from this northern inclination 
or dip, the disposition of the stones, boulders, and debris, prove 
conclusively that such must have been its direction. The boulders 
and stones lie in an implicated position, like the alternate courses of 
shingles or ties upon the roof of a building, and some of them show 
the corrugations of a tide or current ripple upon their surfaces, un- 
doubtedly impressed thereon when in a plastic state, presenting the 
familiar appearance, such as one may see at any time, upon the sand- 
bars aud sand shores of our rivers and sea coast. Undoubtedly, the 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st 



61 

bed of Vais ancient river -^as, in its entire extent, elevated to its 
present position on the summit of South Mountain, when the eleva- 
tion of the mountain took place, and presents all the appearances of 
a dried up stream. 

Beyond Frederick city as far as Harper's Ferry, the Potomac river 
flows through a channel interposed between the north and south 
escarpments of the Catoctin and South Mountains. At Harper's 
Ferry the South Mountain abruptly terminates, or is apparently 
cleaved in twain. The mountainous height on the Maryland side of 
the Potomac is known as the Maryland Heights, and towers aloft in 
an almost perpendicular escarpment. Upon this apparently inac- 
cessible height were encamped the armies of the North and South 
alternately, and the heaviest ordinance was transferred to its sum- 
mit. That part of the mountain on the Virginia side of the Potomac 
is known as Loudon Heights, and is the resumption of the range 
which extends southerly into Virginia. It is at this point, Harper's 
Ferry, that the Potomac and Shenandoah effect their confluence, 
and apparently by irresistible and combined force haverent the vast 
mountain in twain, but the impression that either of those rivers 
forcibly burst through the mountain is without reasonable founda- 
tion, and can be controverted and proven by the simplest reasoning. 
The Shenandoah flov/s along a natural bed,'or a longitudinal depres- 
Bion, the valley of Virginia, and this depression or river bed is con- 
tinued at Harper's Ferry in the gorge between the Catoctin and 
South Mountains. This depression or natural bed is not interrupted 
at all at Harper's Ferry by any mountainous obstacle, nor ever has 
been. The river would flow, if it had never united with the Poto- 
mac, naturally around the base of the abrupt Catoctin Mountain. 
The Potomac also flows in an original and natural bed, and at Har- 
per's Ferry follows the depression between the north and south 
extremities of the South Mountain. If the two rivers, or either of 
them, had by irruptive force pierced the mountain, large quantities 
of immense boulders would have been precipitated into the bed of 
the streams and translated shorter or longer distances by the impet- 
uous current; but such is not the case. The sides of the mountain 
forming the walls of this gorge are almost perpendicular, and the 
bed of the river is paved with slabs of sandstone, which originally 
existed in the stratum. Moreover, the edges and angles of the rocks, 
that constitute the wall of the escarpments, show no evidence of 
being smoothed or rounded by the attrition of water or any other 
agency, nor have the channels of either of the rivers widened by 
cavings-in or wear, within the recollection of man, and when an- 
nually the most impetuous and irresistible torrents rush through 
these gorges. 

As before stated, geologically, Cecil, Baltimore, Harford, portions 
of Anne Arundel, Howard, Montgomery^ and Frederick counties 
belong to the several different periods of Silurian, permian, meta- 
raorphic, and Jurassic. There have been found, and can always be 
found the most ancient formations and types of molluscs, fishes, 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st. 



No. 132 LIGHT STREET WHAEF, 

B5AEiTI!tt©KE. 

LUMBER, SHINGLES, 
DOORS, SASH AND BRICKS. 




IMF.MRTER, JOBBER AND RETAII.EH. OF 

DRY GOODS, 

MANUFACTDKER OP 

LADIES' COSTUMES, CLOAKS, ETC., 

Ho. 213 Baltimore St., Baltimore. 





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65 

reptiles, birds, and quadruped animals, whose existence stretched 
over a space from the paleozoic through the mesozoic to the end of 
the cenozoic era. The Blue Ridge Mountains constitute an abrupt 
and perfect line of demarkation between the ancient Silurian and 
paleozoic formation and period, and, west of a line drawn from 
Harper's Ferry to the Pennsylvania border, is a totally different 
geological formation. On the east of this line you leave the ancient 
formations referred to ; on the west you immediately enter the per- 
miau and calcareous eras, the upper and lower chalks, and find 
yourself in the midst of the mesozoic age. The formations in Wash- 
ington and Alleghany counties are almost totally limestone and 
sandstone, outcropping in strata in every exposed situation. After 
crossing the intermediate valley or plain between the Blue Ridge 
and the Alleghanies, you enter at once into the mountain region of 
Maryland, the North Mountain forming the eastern confines of the 
great Alleghany range. Following the Potomac, when one arrives 
at Hancock, you instantly enter the mountain fastnesses, and from 
Hancock to Grafton, or nearly a hundred and fifty miles, the trav- 
eler is in a maze and labyrinth of mountain peaks and ranges, in 
the labyrinthian gorges and windings between the mountains and 
the Potomac river. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal are running parallel and side by side. 
The city of Cumberland is situated in a basin or concavity com- 
pletely surrounded by mountain peaks and ranges. On the next 
side of the city the lofty and magnificent Wills Mountain rears its 
dark green wall ; to the south, the lovely Nobleys erect their serrated 
forms, and away beyond, surmounting all and like a monarch 
among mountains, rises the sublime and towering Dan's Mountain. 
One mile west of Cumberland, Will's Mountain is completely trans- 
versely divided by Will's creek, and through this sublime gorge 
passes the creek, the National road and the Pittsburg and Connells- 
ville Railroad, all running parallel and side by side, and conforming 
to the graceful curvatures of the gorge. The transverse section of 
the mountain is one mile in length by about threehundredfeetbroad, 
and in this gorge or the "Narrows," as it is called, is one of the 
most interesting and sublime pieces of scenery that is to be met with 
on this continent. Upon either side are the truncated extremities of 
the mountain, nine hundred feet in height, with almost perfect per- 
pendicular escarpment, and the summit presenting a castellated ap- 
pearance, that it is difficult to realize are not genuine castles. The 
capping and strata of this gorge is a reddish sandstone, and the great 
altitude and fantastic forms of these strata cause the illusion, at one 
point, to be perfect. There is the turreted castle, jutting out from 
the dizzy cliff with bastions and columns, and one can easily imagine 
himself in the presence of some fierce warrior and in the domain of 
some lordly knight. From Cumberland, westwardly, one can trav- 
erse one of the loveliest valleys that human vision ever beheld. It 
is a valley lying between the Nobley Mountains and Will'sand Dan's 
Mountains. It is about one mile wide and near thirty in length : 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALimoREST. 



66 

through it flows the Potomac river, and parallel with the river runs 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The mountains on either side are 
high to dizziness and gracefully serpentine in their range. 

At New Creek and at Piedmont, and next to Piedmont as far as 
Altamont, the scenery is overwhelmingly sublime, and it must be a 
callous soul that would not be attuned to solemn and adoring mood. 
It is at Piedmont, the long upward seventeen miles grade of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad commences, and the ascent or gradient 
of the road is one hundred and seventeen feet to the mile. On this 
grade, on the ascending journey, two locomotives have to be attached 
to the train. 

On the right of this grade is the great Savage range of mountains, 
and three hundred feet immediately below the railroad track is the 
Savage river. From the height Avhence one views it, it has the ap- 
pearance of a silvery band, winding at the base of and among the 
fastnesses of the mountains. 

It is at this point, in this awfully sublime and overwhelming 
scenery, may be seen the lonely residence of ex-Governor Francis 
Thomas, of Maryland, at present United States Jlinister to Peru. 
He fled to these mountain fastnesses in the depth of his soul's grief, 
with crushed heart and hopes, that his broken spirit might receive 
consolation in the lonely communion with nature in her sublimest 
aspect. Anchorite, monk or cynic could not desire nor find a local- 
ity more sublime or'lonely. He was prompled to this solitary abode 
on account of his divorce from his young, sprightly, and beautiful 
wife, whose fascinations of mind and person charmed and graced 
Maryland's and Virginia's most aristocratic and intellectual circles. 
He loved his lovely bride with an insane ardor ; but the demon could 
not let the doting'statesman enjoy his earthly happiness. Jealousy, 
discord, and finally separation, closed the scene. She married, soon 
after, a Presbyterian clergyman, and has since resided in Philadel- 
phia. 

At Altamont, 3,100 feet above the sea level, you enter upon a wide 
level plain known as the glades. This glade region is the summit 
of the Alleghany region. It is near Altamont the interesting 
phenomenon is seen of two streams or rivers running in opposite 
directions; running east is the Potomac, and the Youghioghany 
within a few yards running west. The Potomac courses to the 
Chesapeake Bay, in which it empties its waters at Point Lookout, 
and the Youghioghany flows towards and discharges into the Ohio, 
The head waters of the Potomac have their source a short distance 
from Altamont, near Fairfax stone^ a stone that indicates the bound- 
ary between Virginia and Maryland. 

Reclining by the tiny and sparkling stream and drinking from the 
crystal rills that confluently make up the grand and lengthy Poto- 
mac, I paused to reflect and felt pleasure in contemplation and real- 
ization of the fact, that I had, in five weeks time and tramping, 
traversed over five hundred miles, and had kept company with the 
noble river from Point Lookout to the tiny rivulet at my feet, and I 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st. 



S3 

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69 

felt an affectionate emotion as I laved my brow in the fountain from 

which my lengthy companion took his source. In turning from and 
bidding adieu to uiy companion for so many days, I felt saddened, 
feeling that I had heard for the last time its musical and soothing 
murmur, and should no more wander along its lovely banks. And 
you, dear old Virginia, the mother of States and of statesmen, what 
a sisterly feeling should exist between you and Maryland, claiming 
in common the noble Potomac, across whose waters these sublime 
mountains have held for ages solemn and silent converse, and upon 
whose common soil the defenders of your homes and firesides un- 
sheathed their swords and crimsoned the soil of each with the gore 
of your noblest sons. As a wall of fire, your sons stood to stem the 
infuriated tide of a powerful and relentless foe, and your noble 
mountains and once peaceful valleys glared in torchlight of the in- 
cendiary, shrieked at the wail of the widow, and wept at the plaint 
of the orphan. People of a common origin and blood, with your 
sister Maryland, descendants of the lordly pilgrims who unfurled to 
the breeze the banner of liberty and knelt at the foot of the cross at 
Jamestown and St. Inigoes, I must bid adieu to your hospitable 
mountain homes and the scenes amid which I so love to linger. 
Their impression and remembrance will gladden my pathway through 
life, and cause my glazed eye to brighten with a gleam of joy in my 
extremity. 



CHAPTER III. 

It is in Alleghany County, the extreme western county of Mary- 
land, that you enter the intensely interesting regions of that great 
geological era in the wonderful and sublime cosmogony. It is here 
you are first introduced into the great coal measures, and brought 
in contact with the ancient carboniferous formations. 

As an abrupt and almost perfect line of deraarkation exists, 
formed by the North Mountain, between the watershed of the Blue 
Ridge Mountains, extending eastwardly to the sea, and the plain or 
valley interposed between the North Mountain and the Alleghany 
range on the west, so, geologically, the area east of Dan's Mountain 
or range totally different from that west of it. On the east of 
Dan's Mountain, all the geological formations and strata are lime- 
stone and sandstone, geologically, comparatively recent. On the 
west is to be found a more ancient formation, viz : the great coal 
measures. 

The great coal basin lies chiefly between Dan's Mountain and the 
great Savage range, occupying an area transversely of about five 
miles on an average and about sixty in length. In this valley or 
basin between these two mountain ranges flows a tortuous and 
shallow stream, known as George's Creek. In periods of drought 
nothing is to be seen but a dry, rugged water bed, but in seasons of 
rain and melting snows this channel is flooded by a deep and turbu- 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st, 



70 

lent torrent. The sources of George's Creek are near Frostburg, and 
after traversing; this valley for seventeen miles, anastomoses with the 
Potomac at Piedmont 

On either side of this George's Creek valley, its entire length, the 
mountain ranges are filled with coal to their very apices, and the 
coal measures or beds underlying the valley and beds of the creek 
to the depth of one hundred and sixty-five feet. Shafts are sunk into 
the earth to the depth of nearly two hundred feet, through which 
the coal is elevated to the surface. Where the mine is on top otthe 
mountain the coal is transported down the mountain side in small 
cars regulated by a steam engine, on a tram- way, laid on the moun- 
tain side. 

There are innumerable mines in this George's Creek valley, and 
from Mount Savage to Piedmont is one continuous street and town, 
twenty-four miles in length, inhabited by miners and their families. 
The miners are almos-t all Welsh and Scotch. 

Having had my curiosity gratified in the interior of the earth at a 
depth of one hundred and Biity-five feet, my aspirations took the 
opposite direction — to the n.ount;.; ; top. At the invitation of the 
gentlemanly superintendent of one of the mines, I concluded to ac- 
complish the feat, the ascent of Hampshire Mountain. 

I was introduced to the obliging boss of Hampshire Mines, and 
was by him directed to take a standing position in one of a train of 
small cars. At a signal to the engineer, stationed on top of the 
mountain, off we started. We glided up and adhered to the side of 
the mountain until we reached the first level or halting place, five 
hundred feet from the surface of the earth. Landing on this level, 
we were transferred to a small locomotive and proceeded horizon- 
tally around the mountain, when we arrived at the starting point of 
another perpendicular ascent. I mounted to onfe of a train of small 
cars, similar to the one in which I had made the first stage of the 
ascent, and olf we started on the upward journey of two thousand 
feet, almost at a perpendicular. In this, the second stage of the 
ascent, I became dizzy, blind, and nauseated, and when I arrived at 
the top of the mountain I felt as relaxed and looked as exsanguined 
as if I had been seriously ill. And the view from this mountain top, 
who can describe? Its equal has never been painted on canvas. On 
every hand I was encompassed by an illimitable sea of mountains, 
and the long deep valleys appeared like fathomless sinuses or troughs 
between the mountain billows. 

At the top of the mountain, at the entrance of the shaft, the 
second boss of the mines courteously inquired : "Are you ready, 
sir, to go into the mines? the guide is ready." Answering affirma- 
tively, the boss delivered minute instructions to the guide to remain 
as long as I desired and to conduct me into every portion of the 
mines. My cicerone having received his instructions, off we started, 
each carrying a torch, elevated above our heads. We proceeded 
along the main avenues, but frequently turned off to explore some 
branch avenue and chamber. These tunnels through the mines 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} bal™orest. 



JAMBS I-2S"WSS, 

Produce Oommissioii Merchant, 

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• '•• • 

Consignments solicited and orders promptly filled Refers to Citizens Nat. Bank. 




Welcome Cook. For Wood or Coal 




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71 

arc about fifteen feet wide, by eigbt or ten in lieigUt, and aro cut 
through the solid coal. The floor of each tunnel is laid with an 
iron railway, upon which the small coal cars run. The cars aro 
drawn by horses, and each car and horse has an attendant or 
driver. To the cap of the driver and to the side of the head of the 
horse is attached a lamp, wh.ich is necessary, as the darkn^is Is un- 
utterably black and tangible. At ono ]>o-rnc- according to the esti- 
mation of the guide, we were fifteen hundred feet under the moun- 
tain, a grave deep enough, and a superincumbent weight sufficient 
to confine and silence, one would think, the mightiest and most 
refactory demon. 

In the centre of this raining region is situated the town of Frost- 
burg. It is fourteen hundred feet above Cumberland, eleven miles 
distant, and two thousand three hundred feet above Baltimore. 
The town is completely undcrminded, all the coal having been 
removed from beneath it, with the exception of the columns of coal 
left as supporting pillars to uphold the terrestrial shell and town. 
The Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad passes under the town 
in a subterranean tunnel. In going from Cumberland to Frostburg, 
eleven miles distant, the whole way is up mountain, and to accom- 
plish the ascent the road is constructed in the form of Y's; the loco- 
motive and train climb one Y, switch off on another, and so on, 
backwards anl forwards, until at last you arrive safely on the top of 
the mountain uud at Frostburg. 

A view unsurpassed for panoramic character and grandeur, save 
one, is obtainable two miles from Frostburg, from the summit of the 
great Savage Mountain, from which point of observation, one can. 
look upon a sea of mountains rolling in Pennsylvannia, Maryland 
and Virginia, and in the town of Frostburg, one thousand feet 
below, I could count every house. What pen can describe or 
pencil portray the grandeur and beauty of this mountain region? 
It is God's unrolled canvas, upon which, with a Master's hand, He 
has tinted and touched the whole into transcendent loveliness and 
sublimity. But not alone to please the eye of man has He fashioned 
these mountains and painted them in emerald, purple and gold, and 
decked the valleys with flowers rich in fragrance and gorgeous in 
bloom. He has made these mountains the storehouse for the useful 
and indispensable coal that blazes on every hearth-stone, that 
warms and gladdens alike the rich man's palace and the humble 
cottage home, that furnishes the gas light to illumine man's path- 
way and make resplendent the domicils and halls of the wealthy and 
refined. Prescient and mercifnl God ! "What is man that thou 
shouldst be so tenderly mindful of him? that thou shouldst make 
the mountains and valleys and the fathomless sea and the vast 
aerial ocean all subservient to his use and pleasure? Thoughtless 
and ungrateful man ! canst thou not comprehend that all these 
things are of God's infinite goodness and love? 

Traversing this mountain region, independently of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad, are two important and noteworthy highways, 

Read's Grand Duchess Coiognej} Baltimore st. 



72 

JincieBt routes coeval with the republic, one of them, the other ante- 
dating it and contemporaneous with the regal Jovercignty that ex- 
ercises its power over the infant American Jolonies. ne is Brad- 
dock'sroad, that extends from the District of Jolu-^ia to Fort Du 
Quesne near the present citj of Pittsburg on the hio River. This 
road was e?nstructed bj Braddocli, assisted by the youthful Wash- 
ington, for the purpoae'or transportation of troops to overcome the 
French forces occupying the country of the Ohio and Monongahcla 
rivers, and to suppress the depredations of the hostile Indian tribes 
intervening and existing in that locality. Every inch of the route 
Avas over almost, one would think, insuperable mountains, through 
an interminable wilderness through the domain of hostile Indian 
tribes, across morasses, jungles, and rivers for a distance of over 
four hundred miles. 

The undertaking and construction of this road would, one would 
affirm, intimidate the bravest heart and paralyze the stoutest ami, 
and itis astonishing how cognizable this road is in some portions 
ofits route, when one considers that nearly one hundred and twenty 
years have intervened since its construction. Through the courtesy 
of Dr. Charles Getzendannei', of Frostburg, as cicerone, I was en- 
abled to traverse a portion of this road, south of and adjacent to 
Frostburg. On the side of the road stands emplanted a dark gray 
slab or tablet, about two feet wide by three in height. On the re- 
verse of this tablet is inserted in old English characters, *' 11 miles 
to Fort Cumberland. 29 miles to Capt. Smyth's Inn and Bridge — 
Big crossings. The best road to Red Sandstone. Old Fort, 64 
miles." On the obverse is inscribed in the same character of let- 
ters, "Our Country's Rights we will defend." Either the icono- 
clast or sacred memento-loving stranger has chipped off the angles 
and edges of the venerable tablet. There can be no reasonable 
doubt that Washington saw and touched the ancient landmark, 
and who can say that he did not, with his own hands, erect it, and 
chisel the letters, plainly visible upon its weather-beaten and gray 
surface ? 

A short distance west of this, on Laurel Mountain, Braddock re- 
ceived his mortal wound. Disregarding the cautious admonition of 
his young, but sage Lieutenant, George Washington, he attacked 
the savages in their ambush and fell by the unerring arrow of the 
Indian. Braddock reposes in death's embrace in a little valley in 
the noble Alleghanies, and Washington in the hearts of his country- 
men, in the soil o this beloved Mount Vernon. 

Along this road made by Braddock and nearly equidistant are 
vestiges of forts, constructed of stone, and some of them in a won- 
derful state of preservation. There is one near the town of Hancock 
that astoniyhed me by its size and state of preservation. The next 
important fort was erected on the heights in south Cumberland, 
overlooking Wills Creek, and upon its site is now erected the Epis- 
vopal Church; also upon this site, ancient Fort Cumberland, aretha 
vestiges of a well-constructed fort by Braddock and Washington, 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALmili?EST. 



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althoapjh the sparkling waters of Will's Creek laved the base of the 
fortress of tbe ancient Fort Cumberland. The garrison were com- 
pelled to abandon its use on account of t-he unerring and deadly In- 
dian arrows, that were showered upon them whenever they emerged 
from behind their ramparts, except in full armor and force. 

The other interesting trans-Alleghany highway is the old "Na- 
tional road." This great road in days of yore had its eastern ter- 
minus at the General Wayne Tavern, northwest corner of Baltimore 
and Paca streets. This road left Baltimore in the route of the 
present Baltimore street, and at the western limits of the city was 
known, and is now known as far as the city of Frederick, as the 
Frederick road or Turnpike. Westward of Frederick it has main- 
tained its baptismal name of National road. This road extends 
from Baltimore over the Blue Ridge and Alleghany Mountains to 
Indianapolis, Ohio, to the distance of nearly five hundred miles, and 
was, previous to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the great high- 
way and only thoroughfare between the east and far distant west. 

"Leaves have their time to fall," and the old National road has 
sunk into oblivion and disuse— has had to yield to the iron band 
that encircles almost the globe. A short time ago and the last 
stage coach, the last of its memorable race, rumbled over its time 
and travel-worn pavement, and when I saw it draw up in front of 
the post office in Cumberland for the last time — the end of its last 
journey from Frostburg, I lingered around it with reverence and 
affection. Here it was, the very type of the venerable and ancient 
diligence, low swung by broad leathern springs on low cumbersome 
wheels, corpulent in body, with a great capacious boot in front and 
the mail apartment in the rear, covered by a dusty, crispy leathern 
apron, fastened by large rusty buckles and broad rusty straps : such 
was the appearance of the last of the old great stage coaches of the 
great National highway ; and when it was driven into the old stage 
yard for the last time and its wheels were locked never to revolve 
again, a feeling came over me akin to the melancholy solemnity of 
the obsequies of an old departed friend, and I turned away in sad- 
ness. And how they will be missed along that ancient highway, in 
the villages and towns, where their arrival and departure from the 
doorway of the post-house tavern with its big, swinging sign and 
ruddy, burly landlord, was an event exciting and momentous; and 
in these old post-taverns, in those old by-gone days, what news was 
circulated and startling stories related by the social travelers seated 
before the wide extended fire-place, and cheered and comforted by 
the flaming, snapping, roaring, great log fire. 

It was my happiness to sit in the porch of one of these old stage 
taverns in the suburbs of the town of Frostburg, on top of the great 
Savage Mountain, and listen to the exciting narrative of an old stage 
driver upon the great National Road, recounting with rapt pleasure 
the hair-breadth escapes and deadly encounters with the mail rob- 
bers and highwaymen of this, then, wild region. It was blissful to 
sit in the full moon's soft glow, flooding with a silvery light the 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st 



76 

sweet aad peaceful valley below me, and illurainincf the long loftj 
range of the great Savage Mountain beyond, and with solar bright- 
ness defining the dizzy peaks of the great towering Dan's Mountain 
at my sid^-^ turbaned by the gauze-like cloud that in fleecy texture 
floats above his majestic head, and like the nuptial veil of some fair 
bridf, gracefully sweeps like gossamer adown the great mountain's 
side and so poetic, peaceful and sublime the scene ! The full-orbed 
moon p isi^d in ihe zenith all aglow, the giant mountains all around 
iind t'le shimmering moon-lit valleys stretching faraway. No noise 
di tnrt'S the tranquility ot night. My friendly dog would coil him- 
seir'upon the grass 1 f sleep, and nought would be heard save the 
o' 1 stage driver's cracked, tremulous voice, and the tinkling of the 
b ? ia the sheepfold in the valley. 

-. ior Tossing the great carboniferous belt, which, previous to the 
division >f Alleghany county, was principally confined to that area, 
but now is included by both Alleghany and Garrett counties, you 
traverse, in going due west, a number of mountain ranges, increas- 
ing : \ altitude until you arrive at Laurel Ridge or Laurel Mountain, 
r.ome thirty miles west of Frostburg and the great Savage range. 
Thjse mountain ranges on the north extend into Pennsylvania, and 

>n the . Hith into Virginia, and after crossing Laurel Ridge, decrease 
in altitude, .itil they become the foot-hills of the Alleghanies that 
marf^- \ tho Ohio River, and at Wheeling forming an eastern mural 
i..cl(isure to that city. But the foot-hills of the Alleghanies are not 
abruptl topped by the Ohio River, for on the Ohio side of the 
river n^ lations and elevations extend far into the interior of the 
State, like the exhausted undulations or ground swell of a tempest- 
uous sea. The geological formation of this region, west of the coal 
measures or the great Savage range, is now again resumed or iden- 
tical Avith those east of the Dan's Mountain. 

You again, immediately after crossing the Savage range, enter the 
cretaceous era and mesozoic period, and have almost abruptly and 
totally left behind or east of you the Paleozoic and carboniferous 
age and formations. The mountains are almost totally limestone 
and sandstone, covered by a dense growth of oak, maple, white pine 
and other forest trees, and the laurel undergrowth occupies the 
motiMiain sides to their very apices in impenetrable density, and 
furui.<hes a perennial food for the deer and i)heasants that abound in 
this region; and the caverns and interstices among V\g rocks, 
boulders, shale, and debris furnish an impregnahle abode to the 
rattlesnakes and copperheads that thrive and swarm in this region. 
A few bears, also, and panthers, reside in or frequent these ftst- 
• esses, and for miles these animals and reptiles are the monarchs 

aid occupiints of this wild mountain region. 

A'iont seven miles west of Frostburg, on a plateau upon the sum- 
>nit of the great Savage range, and skirting the old National road, 
\i a localitv called the "Shades of Death." For several miles the 

)!d road was darkened by the dense growth and deep gloom of a 
white pine forest, and the entrance to this realm would cause the 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALmioIiEsi. 



77 

heart of the old National road traveler to palpitate with fright and 
his voice become husky. And no voice was heard during the transit 
of this sepulchral portion of the old National road, but that of the 
old stage driver, urging and cheering his nervous team, with cocked 
pistol in his belt and eyes right and left, for here in the "Shades of 
Death" was the favorite rendezvous of the old highwaymen and 
mail robbers of those good old times. For one, I shall never forgive 
the authors, corporators, and capitalists, who had nothing else to 
occupy their idle brains about, than project and build the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad. This great iron road has been the death blow 
to all the poetry, romance, and enjoyment of travel, and at this day 
not one in a million knows of or has ever taken that grandest of 
journeys in tbij wide world, from Baltimore to Wheeling, across the 
Alleghanies, or passed through the "Shades of Death." 

From the city of Frederick, whose eye ever beheld a landscape 
more glorious than that "Middletown Valley," and crossing the 
South Mountain, and looking upon the Eagerstown or Cumberland 
Valley, and the gore-stained field of Antietam, one beholds a picture 
that is unspeakably lovely and enchanting ; further westward, at 
Clear Spring, on the south escarpment of the North Mountain, where 
on earth can such a scene be found? One mile from Cumberland 
you pass through a gorge in Will's Mountain, the "Narrows," that 
cannot be surpassed in the Rocky Mountains or any other region; 
then you climb to the summit of Dan's Mountain, and here let us 
pause at Frostburg, and in every direction from Frostburg scenery 
gorgeous and sublime greets the vision. And the " Rock" on the 
summit of Dan's Mountain — who has touched? Not a score of 
Marylanders or others. 

By arrangement the previous evening, ray friend and guide, T. 
W. Clary, of Frostburg, and I, arose at 4 A. M. and mounted our 
horses for the journey to the "Rock" on the summit of Dan's 
Mountain, the distance up the mountain from Frostburg being seven 
miles. After leaving the town we took the Piedmont Road, and 
passed the numerous coal fields and the great " Bordan Shaft," IGO 
feet deep, through which the miners descend into the mine, and up 
which the coal is brought to the surface in small cars hoisted by a 
powerful steam engine. Turning to the left at the "Shaft," we im- 
mediately began the ascent of Dan's Mountain, From the tortuosity 
and roughness of the mountain road, it being obstructed the greater 
portion of the distance by boulders, rocky fragments, and general 
debris, we made slow progress, as it was physically tiresome to the 
horses. Apart, in common with ourselves, they felt the effect of 
atmospheric attenuation, which is peculiarly exhausting. Sitting 
in our saddles, we were panting and gasping, and had to breathe 
about forty times per minute, instea.d of the normal amount of re- 
Sfuratory effort, or twenty per minute, so as to get the necessary- 
amount of oxygen in our blood. 

In our ascent, the first noteworthy locality we came to was the 
Tillage of "Pompey Smash," the home of several hundred miners 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} bal?imorest. 



78 

and their families, Welsh, Irish and Scotch. The Pompey Smashers 
are a gay and festive population, devoted to " red eye," "mountain 
due" and "morning star," and to form a just estimate of Pompey 
Smash character and society, one must see them at either a wedding 
or a wake, or their monthly free fight. On cither Oi" these occasions 
they may be seen in all t!ieir glory. Apart from their hilariousness, 
they are an honest, hard-working village of miners, and each pater- 
familias possesses a wife, a three hundred pound porker, a game 
rooster, and from nine to fourteen children. Pay-day, the fifteenth 
of each month, is the day that dawns brightest upon them, and on 
that morning the festivities of Pompey Smash begin, and if a Sun- 
day should succeed within a day or two of the fifteenth, they are 
ecstatic. Ths corn juice, Scotch reel and Irish jig absorb every 
Pompey Smasher, old and young, and the grand climax and finale 
of the festivities is the ecstatic "free fight," which causes Dan's 
Mountain to leap for joy. These monthly jubilees result in a trans- 
mogrification physiognomically ; the Scotch visage and accent are 
made broader, the Irish features are flattened, and the Welsh nasal 
appendage is softened down several degrees, and his voice 1 — every- 
body knows what the pronunciation and accent of Welsh is like — 
you would be sore in body and brain for a month to hear a Welsh- 
man talk five minutes. In these social " Germans," the ladies of 
Pompey Smash are not neglected. They participate in the flowing 
bowl and terpsichorean evolutions sans clogs or stockings, and en- 
liven the occasion with the loud, mirthful blending of Welsh, Celtic 
and Scandinavian vociferations, with bare arms and shillelah accom- 
paniment. 

After leaving Pompey Smash, we climbed along a road wooded 
on both sides with chestnut timber and oak, and after a three hours 
ride, came in sight of the lonely, gray, jagged and towering rock. 
We tethered our horses at its base, climbed from ledge to ledge up 
its rugged side some fifty or sixty feet, and reached the level summit. 
What description can convey the slightest idea of the illimitable ex- 
panse and sublimity all around ? I was overwhelmed with emotion 
and sank down upon the rock in silence and awe, perched amid the 
clouds, whose gauae-like texture floated about my head in a bound- 
less sea of mountains, the beautiful Piedmont valley four thousand 
feet below, and the Potomac like a silvery ribbon winding through 
it, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and trains, the cars of 
which did not look larger than a train of black ants. We drank in 
the cool, pure air of the heavens, and gazed on the river-like appear- 
ance of the moving mist, as it stretched away and curved and rolled 
around the mountains, and settled like a fleecy, wide-spread table- 
cloth on the surface of the deep down valley. We sat in silence and 
contemplated the scene, filled with the blended impression of pleas- 
ure, solemnity and awe. On this "Rock," "which like a giant 
stands to sentinel enchanted land," should arise a fane whose spires 
and domes should beenwreathed by and pierce the fleece-like clouds. 
It is a site fit for the throne of a monarch whose sceptre should sway 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, 



No. 179 
BALTIMORE ST. 



;':fiT?t^:- 



79 

from the frozen regions of the north to the Patagonian shores, and 
from the waters of the Pacific to the Atlantic's western confines. 

In Garrett county, theextreme western county of Maryland, called 
so in honor of John W. Garrett, Esq., President of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad, and also in commemoration of a deceased 
brother, Henry W. Garrett, whose beneficence erected a substantial 
and ornately constructed Gothic church in the village of Oakland, 
the same geological series are present, and impressively noticeable 
are the perfectly cubic-shaped and immense blocks of limestone, 
scattered over that region. They are in the valleys and on the 
loftiest mountain peaks. The regularity of their figure and angles 
are remarkable; a stone-mason could not have chiseled them more 
geometrically regular. Some of them, thousands of tons of weight, 
are poised on the very top of the mountain, and look as if they could 
be ti] ted off and sent crashing down the mountain side by the power 
of a child's finger. 

Twenty-two miles west of Oakland, the mountain rover or the 
tourist in Pullman Palace car, whistling through the tunnels and 
mountain gorges, halts at Rowlesburg, the eastern introduction or 
environs of the unequalled "Cheat River" scenery and region, that 
will alternately fascinate, awe and affright, for here Nature simul- 
taneously writhed in agony and split her sides with laughter, and 
touched with her finest pencil the gorgeous scene. 



CHAPTER TV. 

There is not in this wide world a valley so sweet 

As that vale in whose bosom the Cheat and Tray meet. 

At Rowlesburg, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 253 miles 
from Baltimore city, the tourist in the elegant coaches of that 
greatest of railroads on this round world, or the foot-sore and sun- 
bronzed geological wanderer and searcher, laden with rocky frag- 
ments in pockets and hat crown, enters the portal of the sublime 
and ravishingly sweet valley where the Cheat River and Tray Run 
effect their confluence. The topography east of Rowlesburg and 
immediately around the village, although mountainous, foreshadows 
nothing of the grandeur and sublimity that suddenly unfold to view 
a few hundred yards west of the village ; this grandeur and sublimity 
are compressed and crowded into the space of seven and one 
quarter miles, from Rowlesburg to Tunnelton, and for that distance 
there is not, cannot be found in the wide world, the sublimity, 
grandeur, and beauty, so impressively and harmoniously blended. 
"The dark, steel-colored "Cheat" gently flowing through the 
narrow valley hardly one hundred yards wide, and the silvery Tray 
rippling through the mountain gorge to mingle with the Cheat; the 
sublime mountains, sweling perpendicularly from the side of the 
Cheat, and lifting their domes and spires three thousand feet am d 
the clouds, tha ever varying scene, at morning, noon, and evening. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} bal&ore st. 



80 

by sunlight or moonlight, and the flitting cloud, will instantly 
cause a totally different aspect and eflfect on river, mountain, and 
valley. I have witnessed the mellow, soft, deep twilight, almost 
amounting to darkness, instantly settle over this little valley and 
stream and the vast mountain, caused by the flitting, interposed 
cloud, and there is not the same aspect and efi'ect maintained for 
five minutes at a time in this treasure of the AUeghanies, and gem 
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In viewing the Cheat River 
from the tresseling of those two bridges over the Cheat and Tray, 
the mind is rapidly and alternately oscillating between awe, 
sublimity and the impression of ravishing loveliness, and one is 
fascinated and charmed, and the senses are intoxicated amid this 
profusion and feast of nature ; and one wishes to linger yet awhile, 
another day, to stay there, to die there, in this deep mountain 
gorge, by the side of the murmuring Tray. But it is at night, 
when no sound is heard in this deep, lone valley, save the 
ripple of the cool, silvery Tray, when the round, full moon peeps 
over the high wall of yonder big mountain, and her rays fall aslant 
up the little valley that the ftiiry-like scene becomes ecstatically 
lovely. It is at this period that the pencil or pen is utterly im- 
potent, and the mind is lost, intoxicated, abandoned, and drinks in 
the scenic draft to delicious unconsciousness, and is only aroused 
by the shrill scream of the "fast line," climbing up the mountain 
side, hanging half way up the mountain on a ledge five and a half 
leet wide. What! a train of pjissenger coaches and Pullman cars 
and a magnificent locomotive climbing a mountain side on a road 
bed five and a half feet wide and seven hundred feet above a yawn- 
ing chasm 1 Travel yourself over this road that has not its equal 
en earth, in equipment, management, and scenery, and I will 
venture to predict that no investment of the same amount of $22.00 
can be made, that will yield an interest so substantial, instructive 
and enjoyable. Its beneficial and pleasurable effect will abide with 
you to life's close. At this time, the truly humane, benevolent and 
beneficent of our city are carrying out the noble and praiseworthy 
undertaking of "free, indigent children and mothers' excursions," 
whereby they can be enlivened and revivified by the pure air of 
God and delighted and cheered by the sun's rays and the beautiful 
blue heavens, that they never saw or heard of before, in the narrow, 
noisome, pestilential alleys in which they were born and live, amid 
squalor, crime and woe. This act upon the part of these noble 
Avomen and men of our city, I verily believe, will endear them to 
God infinitely more, and cause His heart to expand with 
merc^ toward them, and His countenance to shine with more 
benignancy than all the college and hospital buildings that could 
be constructed over a space ten miles square. Next to this let a 
grand excursion be inaugurated to extend from Baltimore to the 
Ohio River, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and let the in- 
vitations include every poor person who has never been over the 
road, men and women, and children over ten ^-.ears, those that can 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, } BALimoRF ^. 



G. T. SADTLER. 



ESTABLISHED 1800. 



Ct. w. saetler. 




OPTICIANS and WATCHMAKERS, 

Importers of "Watches and Fine Jevtelrt, 
No. 212 BALTIMORE STREET, BALTIMORE. 

Manufacturers cf Spectacles and Silverware Generally. 




82 

appreciate, and give such persons an opportunity to get a whiff of 
pure mountain air, view the sublime mountain scenery of the 
AUeghanies and have an idea what the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road is. I believe it would be incalculably beneficial, physically 
and instructively to the children of our Public Schools to travel 
over this road. Let each class, annually, go over and return. It 
would be refreshing and exhilarating, they would enjoy the ride 
in the easy, fine coaches of ihe company, and be charmed and ex- 
cited by the ever varying Haagnificeut mountain and valley scenery 
of the route. y^ 

It has been a mattor of astonishment to me that the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad ,tJbrapany, among other sites for their unequaled 
railroad hotel p^tlaces, as one will find at Cumberland —"The 
Queen City," arfd the elegant "Deer Park," and " Grafton Hotel," 
have not fixed upon one amid the Cheat River scenery, as a location 
for one of their great railroad hotels. There isthe wildest, sublimest 
scenery on theroad; game abounds all the year round, deer and 
pheasant hunting; fishing all the summer; and a point nearly 
equidistant between Baltimore and Cincinnati, here, would certainly 
meet the eastern and western bound tourist, and they would sojourn 
in scenery sublime and enchanting, in deep solitude and shade, 
and pure, cool mountain air, that causes one, almost without ex- 
ception, any night, to sit by a blaze of faggots on the hearthstone, 
and to sleep with blanket and coverlid. It is here in this valley of 
the Cheat, the toil-worn and care-worn could have a respite, the 
drooping be revived, and the contemplative and thoughtful have 
surroundings of beauty and grandeur upon which their minds 
would dwell and feast, and be attuned to adoring mood, and directed 
and uplifted to God by His awe-inspiring works. At present there 
are no accommodations for the traveler to the valley of the Cheat, 
except at one or two inferior hotels or boarding bouses at Rowles- 
burg and Tunnelton. The location for a hotel would properly be 
about midway the valley, or near where the Cheat and Tray meet; 
there the mountains swell up almost perpendicularly from the 
water, the whole length of the valley, and in the centre of the 
valley one is completely circumvented by grand and lofty mountains, 
so close together and precipitous as to almost exclude the sun, 
save at noonday. At Tunnelton begins that sublime piece of 
masonry that is truly awe-inspiring in its length, construction and 
the human engineering skill, perseverance and labor requisite to 
overcome nature. Here nature seemed determined to arrest the 
further progress of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ; she, directly 
in the teeth of the great road, hilled up or rolled a vast mountain, 
apparently in desperation, determined that the great work should 
there stop, and man should succumb to her obstacles and insuper- 
able barrier. She yielded to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad for 
over one hundred and fifty miles; her rivers had been spanned by 
magnificent iron bridges, some of them swinging at dizzy heights 
from mountain side to opposite mountain side, across deep chasms 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st. 



THOS. W. LE7ERI1TG a, SOITS, 



AXD DEALERS IX 



FIELD SEEDS AND SEED WHEAT, 

55 Commerce Street, Baltimore, 




83 

and turbulent torrents. The railroad hud been built around her 
mountams in a spiral route; her mountains were pierced, bored and 
tunnelled; she had yielded to the invincible engineer; had been 
tortured, pushed aside, ignored and laughed at in very conceivable 
way; but here at Cheat River, the engineer and his army of 3,000 
men, with their -row-bars, picks, shovels, and engines, halted, dis- 
mayed, disconcerted, and apparently overcome at last. They looked 
wistfully, silently and inquisitively in ;ach other's faces ; a council 

f war was held; in that council it was determined to 'Uake that 
mountain." A harge was ordered, and with uplifted ax, shovel, 
pick and spade, on that army rushed, and the bowels of that 
mountain were laid open, and the work of evisceration did not 
cease until the rays of light from the cast and west met in the 
narrow, one mile in length, " Kingwood Tunnel." Here nature 
gave up the ghost, dismayed, discomfited, and overwhelmed; 
from there to the hio River she ceased to annoy or place obstacles 
of any extent in the path of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

The "Kingwood Tunnel" required 3,000 laborers constantly 
employed for the space of three years. Its length under the moun- 
tain, from the eastern to the western orifice, is ne mile, and its 
;:iasonry can not be surpassed for safety and durability. Surpass- 
ing the Kingwood Tunnel in engineering skill and human per- 
severance and conquest over almost insuperable bstacles, are the 
tressehng and bridges over the Cheat River and Tray Run. De- 
scription fails to convey an appreciable and acceptable picture of 
these dizzy and sublime pieces of masonry, and those iron struc- 
tures ; one must be suspended almost in tho^clouds in a railroad car, 
to appreciate the great work. You canrinot see the track upon 
which the train glides; you look up and see the sky and the dark 
mountain side across the Cheat; you look down from the car window 
and you become giddy ; the Cheat and Tray are away down below 
you, immediately under the track, and the tops of the loftiest trees, 
away down underneath in the valley, look like the surface of cut 
velvet, and as evenly clipped. The Cheat and Tray have a steel- 
like lustre, and look like coronal metallic bands encircling the 
base of the dark green mountain. There is not such a grouping 
of nature's sublimity and wildness, and man's genius, skill and 
engineering power, over apparently insuperable obstacles and 
barriers, to be found on the whole earth, within the space of seven 
and a quarter miles, as is here presented in this Cheat River valley 
and Kingwood Tunnel. Spanning these rivers with bridges 
resting upon tresseling one hundred and seventy feet high, looking 
like wire gauze when viewed a short distance oflf, blasting a road- 
bed in the solid rock half way up the mountain side, the outer ends 
of the railroad ties overhanging an abyss seven hundred feet deep, 
was victory over nature overwhelmingly sublime. It was a gigantic 
contest for the right of way, but the engineer came off victorious, 
and the mighty engine, with its long train, darts up that mountain's 
Bide, regardless of the yawning chasm beneath, and spurns the moun- 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, 



No. 179 
BALTIMORE ST. 



LAURENCE THOMSEN & CO 

IMPORTERS OF 

FOREIGN BRANDIES AND WINES 

AND DEALERS IN ' 

iniiNE: OLID RYE AVHISKIIES, 
No. 114 WEST LOMBARD ST., Near CHARLES STREET, 

BALTIMORE. 




JOS17 G. Sioxris, 



i57 W. Lombard St., Three doors West of Hanover. 




I desire to inform my patrons and the public that I am prepared to receive all 
orders for New or repairing of Parlor Furniture, as follows: 

Tote a-Tete, Gents' Chairs, Ladies' Chairs, Parlor Chairs, Reception and Rock- 
ing Chairs, Piano Stools, Safa3,Louns:us, Dining Room and Lii>rar.v Chairs, Church 
and Chair Cushions, Fancy SofaCushion^, Feather Beds, Pillows, Bolsters, Spring, 
Hair and Husk Mattresses and Bolsters, Chamber Chairs, Ottomans, Blinds, Shades, 
Curtains, Draperies, &c. 

The following work done at your residence, in the city or cojintry. if required : 

Parlor and Chambir Furniture Varnished or Polished in Oil. Sewing and Lay- 
ing of Carpets, Matting, Oil Clotli, &c. Also, rspiiring of many of the a>)ove 
jirticles of Parlor Furniture, thereby saving cost and inconvenience of removal. 
I consider it no trouble to call at your residence, when solicited, to estimate cost 
for repairs or varnishing. Personal attention given to all work. Orders by mail 
promptly attended to. Very i-espectfully, 

JOKCI^ G. LOTJIS, 



87 

tain in its pathway. God-like, truly, vras the mind and omnipotent 
the power that overcame the obstacles in that Cheat River valley. 
The tresseliug and tunneling in that locality will be a monument 
through all time to the genius and skill of those civil engineers 
who accomplished the work. 

I have been whirled around that mountain, seven hundred feet 
in the air, and dashed across that tresseliug, apparently as fragile 
as a spider's web, and through the labyrinth of mountains, with 
travelers as unimpressionable as a dead negro, seemingly as in- 
sensible to the sublimity that surrounded them, and as unconcerned 
as if passing over the Eastern Shore Railroad from Cri^fiold to 
Delmar, or through the Pine Barrens along the Weldon Railroad 
in North Carolina. Some people are never excited or aroused to 
an appreciation or comprehension of the beautiful or sublime, or 
calculate and consider the herculean, physical and brain forces 
that were involved and expended in any great work. I have often, 
in surveying a car of passengers, come to the conclusion that the 
material composing their bodies would subserve a more useful 
purpose if it had taken the direction of Cincinnati pork or saner 
kraut. I can not stomach such compagnons du voyage ; it is nause- 
ous and repulsive to be compelled to tolerate the coarse, senseless 
jest and harsh, vacant braying of a swaggering, garrulous crowd. 
It is on this account I detest the village, town, and city, and long 
for the simplicity, quietude and sublimity of nature's great temple. I 
can only worship in a perfectly adoring mood at the altar of the great 
I AM, and only feel in befitting place when I am curiously wander- 
ing through nature's vast mausoleum, examining the debris and 
ruins of time, deciphering characters impressed and graven in the 
imperishable rock, and translating the earth's cosmology written 
upon the mountain side. It is amid such ruins and records, 
and such sce.iery as that about Cheat River, so masterly touched 
by the Almighty's hand, here in the gloomy shadows of these vast 
mountains, in that deep gorge by the side of the sparkling Cheat 
or rippling Tray, that I would love to dwell; here I could un- 
interruptedly commune with nature, translate her great book and 
keep my soul unsullied by non-intercourse with the world. 

Eastern Maryland. 

From the mouth of the Susquehanna river and source of the Ches- 
apeake Bay, projects a long narrow peninsula, two hundred miles in 
extent, by an average breadth of about thirty miles, known as the 
Eastern Shore. The southern extremity of this peninsula forms the 
two Eastern Shore counties of Virginia, Accomac and Northampton, 
the latter terminating in the projection known as Cape Charles. 
This peninsula, apart from the two counties of "Virginia, contains 
nine counties of Maryland, and is washed on the eastern cside, ita 
entire extent, by the Atlantic Ocean. 

Distant from the main land of from five to twelve milet, ks a chain 
of islands, extending from the Capes of the Delawaro ^ the mouth 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} b^LTmoREST. 



88 

of the Chesapeake: soroe large, others of small arei, and separated 
by inlels. On the western confines of the peainsula is the Chesapeake 
Bay. averaf^ing in width about twelve miles, and two hundred miles 
long, this Peninsula — the Eastern Shores of Maryland and Virginia 
— is intersected, on an average of ten miles of space, by rivers and 
creeks, flowing into the Chesapeake Bay and transversely crossing 
the peninsula to withia a fevr miles of the Ocean on the east. There 
is no area of the same extent probably upon the globe that is pos- 
sessed of such maritime and fluviatile advi^ntages and can present in 
its continued length the same littoral line or surface. From the 
mouth of the Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of the Susquehanna, ihe 
rivers and creeks abound in the finest species of wild fowl, their 
sub-undine surfaces are paved with the most highly flavored and 
delicious bivalves, and their waters teem with many species of deli- 
cious fish. 

This " Eastern Shore," from being interposed between the Chesa- 
peake Bay on the one hand and the Atlantic Ocean on the other, it 
can be readily perceived that its climate must be mild and apprecia- 
bly temperate. Lying not more than two hundred miles distant 
from the Gulf Stream, that courses parallel with its entire extent, it 
perceptibly feels the thermal influence of that warm oceanic artery. 
Owing to this inter-oceanic position and consequent mollification of 
its climate, it is readily acknowledged to be a most favorable local- 
ity for the growth of all grains, fruits, and crops. Especially is its 
benignaQcy manifested in the early and rapid (compared with other 
regions) germination, fructification, and maturation of fruits and 
berriesof every variety and species, and it must, erelong, be a region 
devoted to the table-vegetable productions and become one vast lux- 
uriant market-garden. 

Geologically considered, the Eastern Shore of Maryland and Vir- 
ginia is of very recent formation, and is undoubtedly formed by the 
silt and detritus swept down by the floods of the Susquehanna and 
strewn along for two hundred miles, gradually accumulating in 
depth and breadth, until it finally apjjeared above the level of the 
sea. The soil is exclusively alluvial, formed entirely of sand, clay, 
and humus, and the only organic remains ever found embedded, are 
the eiuvire of present existing species and varieties of shell-fish and 
marine and fluviatile vertebrata. Its era is confined to the pos- 
teriary period or formations, almost recent enough to be within the 
memoy of a few generations past. Superficially it is level; slight 
undulations are met with, but no elevations pertaining to hills or 
mountains. The oceanic littoral line is beveled gradually, and the 
mariner will find soundings of from five to ten fathoms twenty miles 
distant from the land. No remains of inorganic substances of either 
granitic, carboniferous or any paleozoic specimen has ever been 
fdund, nor is there any indication of its existence at the time of the 
earliest flora and fauna. 

The earliest possessors and inhabitants of the peninsula were 
various tribes of Indians, a few of them powerful and numerous. 

Read's Grand Duchess Colognej} baJimorest. 



80 

The most powerful tribe occupying the Bouthern portion of the pen- 
insula, was the Nanticokes, and evidences of their occupation are 
still extant in the oyster-shell mounds and embankments wuicb they 
left behind, and frequently contain specimens of their trinkets, pipes, 
and arrow-heads. They must have been almost exclusively pisciv- 
orous, as fish were the only article of food bountifully supplied and 
easily obtained. Up the peninsula other large tribes dwelt, and 
chief among them were the Delawares, who left not long ago and 
emigrated to the northwest. These Indians of the Eastern Shore 
gave mamesto Ihevariouslocalitiesin which they lived or frequented, 
and the Anglo-Saxon owner of the soil to-day, calls and knows them 
by their aboriginal nomenclature. To the majestic bay that bounds 
it on the west iliey gave the name of Chesapeake — the great salt 
bay ; Chingoteague indicates where pike fish are plentiful and are 
caught; Annemessex, the creek where logs are obtained for build- 
ing ; Choptank, the river with the big bend, and every one who has 
ever been up that river will recognize the applicability of the name, 
this big sweeping bend occurring about two miles above the town 
of Cambridge ; Monie, the place of assembling for their big talk on 
important and state occasions; Nanticoke, the first or big tribe; 
Pocomoke, the river abounding in shell-fish; Quantico, the big 
dancing place, where they assembled for the great annual dance; 
Sinepuxent, filled with oyster beds ; Susquehanna, the river with 
rapids; Tuckaho, where deer are scarce or difficult to obtain; 
Wicomico, where wigwams or Indian houses were built, an Indian 
city ; Manokin, the place for scalping and where also they had a fort 
or place for defence ; Mytipquin, the great burying-ground where all 
the dead were buried, the great Indian cemetery. In confirmation 
of this fact, the author of this article, in visiting the locality, which 
is a narrow isthmus between the Nanticoke and Wicomico rivers in 
Somerset county, saw exhumed bones and fragments of human 
crania, undoubtedly of Indian type. No more convincing, conclu- 
sive proof of the existence of an extinct race exists than the osteolog- 
ical remains embedded in the earth. This locality, apart from being 
their big or great burial-ground, must also have been thickly popu- 
lated or frequented by the Nanticokes and perhaps visiting tribes; 
for nowhere on the peninsula, that I have visited, are found more 
oyster shells embedded in the earth, both in riparian situations and 
also remote from the water. These Eastern Shore tribes were locally- 
nomadic; they roved up and down the peninsula and from their 
fierce and warlike propensities frequently came in deadly collision. 
It sometimes occurred that tribes crossed the Chesapeake Bay, from 
the Western Shore of Maryland and Virginia, and made incursions 
into the country of the Accomacs and Nanticokes, either from war- 
loving or predatory propensities. 

Upon one of a chain of small islands situated in the Chesapeake 
Bay, about midway between the mouth of the Pocomoke and Poto- 
mac rivers, are evidences of Indian occupation, either for resident or 
warlike purposes. There is a tradition entertained at this day among 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALimoREST. 



90 

the inhabitants of this island, that the two powerful tribes, the Pow- 
hattans of the Western Shore, and the Nanticokes of the Eastern 
Shore, met here in deadly conflict, which battle forever cooled the 
warlike ardor and humbled the prowess of the Powhattans, and left 
the Nanticokes master of the field and their domains secure from 
vexatious incursions and ruinous spoliations. These various tribes 
in the course of time were mingled into or joined the warlike and 
powerful Delawares, and after this consolidation the Susquehannas 
joined their forces with them, and being encroached upon and an- 
noyed by the presence of the white race, they simultaneously struck 
their wigwams and started for new and far distant hunting-grounds, 
towards the setting sun. And their race is almost run ; a few more 
full moons will come and go and the descendants of the Nanticokes, 
the Delawares and Susquehannas will be no more. They will only 
be remembered as the hideous Indian with his dress of skins, fhia 
painted visage, his bow and arrow, his revengeful and bloodthirsty 
nature; his wrongs and the Christian white man's deception, treach- 
ery and cruelty, will not be remembered nor mentioned. 

It is on the northern shore of the Sassafras river, which river 
divides the counties of Kent and Cecil lying on tlie north, that we 
are brought in contact with ancient formations, formations dating 
back to the metamorphic and Jurassic periods in the earth's cosmog- 
ony ; and one will only have to ascend the Susquehanna a few miles, 
as far up as Havre-de-Grace and Port Deposit, when be will be con- 
fronted with the most ancient works and objects in existence. Here 
one will see the granitic formations, and be carried back in his con- 
templations to the earliest period of time. Here is the dividing line 
between the ancient formations and the new, recent, or alluvial de- 
posits. This line of geological demarkation runs nearly due east 
and west from the neighborhood of Philadelphia to the city of Balti- 
more, all north of it being ancient, that south of it being recent or 
newly formed. On the Western Shore of Maryland this line of sep- 
aration deflects southerly, and this deflection is maintained entirely 
across Maryland and Virginia. Calvert county and the counties 
south of it along the shores of the Chesapeake are recent, or tertiary, 
and nearly geologically of the same constituents as those on the oppo- 
site side of the Chesapeake Bay. Physically the land on the Western 
Shore is more elevated and undulating, and can be accounted for 
easily, as being the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge or Appalachian range, 
from forty to fifty miles distant. 

In Baltimore county the formations are of the most ancient type, 
and along the streams flowing in that and the adjacent counties, 
westwardly, evidences of the fact present themselves in the exposed 
strata, granitic outcroppings and boulders that one meets with in 
every direciion. As on the Eastern Shore, large and powerful In- 
dian t. ilies d^velt upon and roamed over these grounds: so also on 
the Western Shore there is not a creek, river, or bay, that does not 
furnish evidence of their possession or occupation. Upon the shores 
of the St. Mary'sriver, in thccounty of St.Mary's, was first unfurled 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologn8j 



Ko. 179 
BALTlilUliK ST. 



91 

Ibe banner of religions llbGrty, and -where the first English Catholic 
pilgrims made their humble genuflections at the too t ol" the cross. At 
this spot are visible the mural vestiges of the first governor's house o 
the Lords Proprietary, Leonard aud Cecilius Calvert, the Lords Balf 
tiraore. Fortuitous circumstances caused it to be abandoned, aud 
the present site of Leonardtown chosen instead. 

West of the bay side range of counties, one leaves the recent or 
tertiary formations and enters upon a broad expanse of ancient 
structure, and the realms of the earliest types of animal and vegeta- 
ble orgacizations, substances, forms and structures, that date their 
origin and bear testimony to their existence at a period briefly sub- 
sequent, when the earth was without form and void, and darkness 
spread over the face of the deep. They point to a period long away, 
when no man existed, or any animal or plant; they gloomily, 
silently and sadly bear recoid that ages long and countless have 
elapsed, an ocean of time has intervened that science and the mind 
of man cannot encompass. 



OYSTEBS. 

Delicious Bivalve! who can not tell 

The luxury of "jPrfed," ^'-Jloast,'^ ''S(ewedy'^ ^'Raw on Jutlf-shelV^ 

Microscopic Examinations and Observations of ths Oyster, 
BY JOHN T. KING, M. D. 

To most persons the generation and propagation of Oysters are as 
great a mystery as some " Terra Incognita." 

When we consider the low link which the Oyster forms in the 
long chain of creation, one is apt to regard it with indifference, if 
not contemptuously ; some go so far in their impressions of its 
inferiority, as to affirm that it is so ignoble as to be of spontaneous 
origin— that Oysters have no ancestry, that it exists without the 
agency of father and mother. Such opinions are totally erroneous, 
and their senseless promulgation do the Oyster great injustice. 
Such defamation or slander are solely attributable to the ignorance 
of the Oyster's calumniators. 

It is true the Oyster does not hold a very high heod, does not 
assume anything of a supeicillious air, and seems to be coMerittdiy 
conscious that he holds a position midw y between thelower v{^o(.iji- 
ble organisms and tlje higher aniniiil kingdom, recognizis tlie i- it 
that he is the cotince ing link between vegetable :ind auiuii'l u.aW' : . 

Oicupying this middle ground, the Oyster was for a buig lii. > 
delayed in his assignment to either the animal or vegetable king- 
doms, and deprived of his proper classiScation with the perfect 
animal organisms to which he properly belongs. 
1 



' However lowly the Oyster may be in the animal portion of the 
vast chain of being, he can boastingly affirm that he is of the most 
ancient ancestry, that his progenitors were the first animals created, 
and the earliest inhabitants of the earth. According to Scripture, 
and according to other equally high and reliable authority, the 
Oyster was created immediately after the vegetable forms came into 
existence, and nearly contemporaneously the Star Fishes and Clams. 
So long, incalculably long, before man existed upon the earth Avaa 
it the abode of the Oyster, and he can retrace his long line of pedi- 
gree across the illimitable ocean of time, until it is lost in the 
incalculable distance of endless space. 

No doubt the Oyster is consoled in his humble position by those 
facts of his ancient genealogj', and they no doubt furnish him relief 
when he i-cflects and is forced to admit that the miserable worms, 
frightful toads and accursed snakes, all occupy social positions above 
him, and without doubt, contemptuouslyand disdainfully look down 
upon him, and the Oyster has other compensations for the mortifica- 
tion he endures by knowing that he is respected and held in the 
highest estimation by the most intelligent, wealthy and aristocratic 
of the land, and universally beloved by all on the earth, rich and 
poor. 

Whether the same or a like cause as that which dispersed the 
ancient builders of Babel, scattered Oysters over the earth we do not 
know, but one thing is certain, that with the exception of the 
ubiquity of the Jews, no living organisms are so cosmopolitan or 
cover so vast a portion of the earth's surface as the Oyster ; they are 
found in almost every sea and body of salt water on the globe, and, 
remarkable to say, in this wide and universal diffusion, they main- 
tain family peculiarities in form and flavor. 

Like some of^the nations of the earth, the Oyster Is of amazing 
fecundity, a single female oyster will bear millions of eggs, commonly 
from one to two millions, and another striking resemblance to the 
human family is noticeable, the excess of female Oysters over the 
males. 

"Whoever would consider the Oyster ignorant or stupid would be 
ignorant himself, and be doing the Oyster great injustice. They as 
intelligently select their abodes, localities or beds, for residence and 
propagation as any animal of the creation, and for their comfort 
and safety and the protection of their young, they invariably 
select comparatively shallow water in sheltered localities, as in 
coves and the mouths of creeks and rivers, where they will be 
secure from tempestuous seas and their numerous enemies. 

Every Oyster owes its existence to its father and mother, and the 
sexes of the Oyster are as decided and cognizable as in other 
animals. When the female Oyster expels her eggs they float in the 
water beneath the surface, and it would almost seem accidental, 
their ever coming in proximity to, and in contact with the fructify- 
ing secretion of the male Oyster which is also drifting about 
apparently haphazard in the water; but it is not so, there is n^ 



chance about it, these acts and results are in obedience to certain 
and invariable laws. 

After this contact of the ovum, or eg^, -with the fructifying secre- 
tion of the male, they immediately attach themselves to any object 
that may pr .'Sent itself — here they remain adherent and continue to 
grow, and gradually the minute animal, or young Oyster, presents 
the tj-pical form of his species. In a few weeks it is capable of a 
feeble independent motion, and continues to increase in size and 
vigor until the shells are perfectly formed. The young and help- 
less little Oysters are as eagerly sought after and as luxuriously 
enjoyed by fish, crabs and other aquatic animals, as the plump, 
mature, high flavored bivalve so exquisitely relished by the fastidi- 
ous epicure. • 

The shells of the Oyster begin to harden when the animal attains 
the size of a half inch, and continue to increase in thickness, hard- 
ness, and size. At one year old the little Oyster is about an inch 
and a half in size, and generally the shell is sufficiently bard to pro- 
tect it from its enemies. 

If any one should doubt the Oyster being a^perfect animal he may 
have proof of the fact by an examination of his anatomy, he will 
soon see that he possesses all the organs of any of the higher orders 
of animals ; he has a nervous system, and apparently feels acutely, 
if touched with an irritant be quivers and shivers and instantly 
closes his shell for protection ; he hears like other animals, and will, 
if alarmed by a sudden or loud noise, close his shell for safety ; he 
has regular habits, eats regularly twice in twenty-four hours, punc- 
tually opening his shell and feeding on the flood of the tide, and on 
the ebb closes it and betakes himself to meditation and an eight 
hour nap. 

The Oyster might by the ignorant be accused of indolence and 
leading an inactive aimless life, far from the truth would such an 
accusation be, he is continually laboriously separating from the 
water the lime he finds dissolved in it, and in the formation of his 
shells he recovers and preserves that indispensable ingredient of the 
soil and chief plant-food of all crops that grow upon the land. 

In conclusion, the Oyster is not only delicious food for the human 
family and nearly all the animal creation, but he is an important 
co-laborer in the various and important operations of nature, and 
contributes an incalculable amount to the happiness and welfare of 
every living organism whether animal or plant. Destroy the lowly 
link which he forms in the great chain, and every forest tree, sprig 
of grass, and every animal from the minutest to the greatest would 
feel the loss — would perish upon the earth 



HISTORIC HOMES IN THE VALLEY OP THE SHENANDOAH. 



The tourist upon the rallej branch of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad, leaving Harper's Ferrj can alight at Winchester or Sum- 
rait Point and there get conveyance, and a ride of tvrelve miles in 
riew of the magnificent ranges of mountains will bring him to tho 
most interesting historic locality in the valley of Virginia. The 
first house he will probably reach is "Greenway Court," the resi- 
dence, in the eighteenth century, of Lord Fairfax, who owned quite 
a third of the old State of Virginia, and at that day *' Green way 
Court" was habitually frequented by Washington, a mere youth, 
and surveyor of Lord Fairfax's countless acres. 

The character of this old noble man was eccentric, and his life 
had been filled with romantic incidents. He was descended from 
an old Scotch-English Knight, Sir Thomas Fairfax, who lived at 
his estate called Denton, in Yorkshire. Failure of fortune, and 
bitter disappointment in a love affair, drove young Lord Fairfax into 
exile across the ocean. His early manhood had been brilliant; he 
had been educated at Oxford, was a member of the "Blues," and 
led the life of a fine London gentleman of the first water, in the 
midst of nobles, countesses and authors. The moment came when 
young Fairfax found himself entangled in one of those affairs which 
shape the destinies of men. He fell in love with a beauty of the 
court, paid his addresses to her, and was engaged to be married ; 
every preparation was made, coaches, horses, jewels, costly presents 
of every description were ordered, and the blissful moment was near 
at hand — it was not fated to arrive. The young lady suddenly 
changed her mind, a ducal coronet was held up before her, by a 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st. 



92 

riral, and she jilted young Fairfax. He became a bitter qmic and 
■woman-hater thenceforth to the day of his death. His taste for cul- 
tivated and refined society forsook him, and bade adieu to EIngland 
and crossed the ocean to his possessions in America, to the yalley of 
the Shenandoah, then filled with deer and wolves, and buried him- 
self in the vast wilderness where "Fails never flirted, nor Eibbons 
fluttered." 

The lands mentioned were of princely extent and were inherited 
by him from his mother, a daughter of Lord Culpepper. They em- 
braced the whole area lying between the Rappahannock and Poto- 
mac rivers in the colony of Virginia, from the shores of a certain 
Chesapeake Bay to the head-waters of the said rivers. Here was a 
new world of good fortune opened. Denton, Nun-Appleton, and 
all the English estates of the Fairfaxes, might have been hidden 
away in one corner of the Virginia principality, and lost from view. 
Rivers, bays, mountains, rich lowlands, breezy uplands, forests, 
mines, towns, and wild beasts in myriads to hunt, were the young 
lord's; and he was duke, prince, king almost, in the extent of his 
possessions. It is true that the country was comparatively unex- 
plored; but settlers were thronging in; the ax of the pioneer was 
ringing in the great forests ; fertile fields were coming steadily under 
cultivation ; Fredericksburg, Winchester, Warrenton, and numerous 
other towns were springing up — of all which the bankrupt young 
earl found himself suzerain by letters patent from our lord the 
king, with rental of a shilling only, for each thousand or hundred 
thousand acres, payable each year at the "Feast of St. Michael the 
Archangel." 

It was this handsome little property that young Thomas Lord 
Fairfax, Baron of Cameron, now came to visit. William Fairfax, a 
kinsman, had preceded him, and built a commodious residence for 
himself and family, called Belvoir, which was situated on the Poto- 
mac, below the present city of Washington. The family at Belvoir 
had many agreeable neighbors, among them the Washington family, 
living at Mount Vernon, near by. With the Washingtons, indeed, 
William Fairfax was connected by marriage; and, when Lord 
Fairfax came, lie made their acquaintance, from which sprung his 
connection with young George Washington, then an unknown 
youth of fourteen or fifteen. It may be fairly said that the influ- 
ence thus brought to bear upon the life of the boy had a paramount 
part in shaping his subsequent career. The youth was of an ardent 
and energetic temperament, and had longed to enter therojal navy, 
in which he had secured a midshipman's warrent — only to desist, 
however, from his intention in consequence of the tears and entrea- 
ties of his mother. He was now without occupation, and was idly 
spending bis time in social visiting and in hunting. At this crisis 
Lord Fairfax appeared, made a favorite of the youth, conversed with 
him of England and the great world, and ended by engaging him to 
proceed across the Blue Ridge and survey the Fairfax lands toward 
the upper waters of the Potomac. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,) sAmMORE st. 



93 

Young George Washington, \],z^ sixteen, ardently accepted this 
offer of the old nobleman, and n March, 1748, set out on horse- 
back for the Blue Ridge, crossed at Ashby's Gap, and entered the 
valley — a stalwart, ruddy, manly young fellow, keen in quest of 
incident and adventure, and highly pleased, as he intimates, at the 
prospect of earning a "doubloon a day " as surveyor. The figure 
of the youth on his spirited horse, with chain and compasses and 
other instruments, rifle in hand, and a smile upon his lips, crossing 
the mountain, fording the Shenandoah, and riding on beneath the 
great sycamores into the far-reaching prairies — this figure will 
forcibly arrest the attention of every student of the life of Washing- 
ton. On the night of the day when he passed the Blue Ridge, ho 
slept, he says in his journal, at " Lord Fairfax's ;" and the spot 
thus designated was Greenway Court, to which Lord Fairfax soon 
afterward removed, making it thenceforward his chief place of 
residence. 

The house of Greenway Court was situated near the present 
village of White Post, so called from a white post erected at the 
spot by Lord Fairfax, to point out the way to his dwelling.* It 
stood some miles from the Shenandoah, in the midst of a lovely 
country, which — beautiful to-day — is said to have been far more so 
in the last century. The English traveler Burnaby, journeying at 
that time from the east to the Blue Ridge, declares that, from the 
summit of the mountain, the exquisite landscape, brilliant with 
" camoe-daphnes in full bloom," burst on him like a fairy spectacle ; 
and he exclaims that only to live here, poor and humble, were better 
than to be prince or king elsewhere 1 The valley of the Shenandoah 
is, indeed, a region of the rarest attractions. The beauties of the 
lowland and the mountains are blended in the landscape ; on the 
left the Blue Ridge rolls away in azure billows ; southward, the 
" Three Sisters " and the Massinutton rise like a battlemented wall, 
deep blue against the orange flush of sunset ; to the west the great 
North Mountain stretches like a cloud along the horizon ; and 
through fertile fields, or tall forests, the Shenandoah, limpid as 
crystal, steals, with a low murmur, by the base of the Ridge 
toward the Potomac. This country is noted now for its rich crops 
of cereals ; in the last century it was equally famous for its luxuri- 
ant grass. Tradition declares that the valley at that time was one 
vast prairie, alternating with forest; that in summer the grass was 
so tall as to be tied together in front of a man on horseback ; and 
that the prairie, extending as far as the eye could see, was dazzling, 
with its myriads of flowers in full bloom — an ocean of the richest 
colors, which every breeze broke into billows. 

A more appropriate place of residence could not be imagined for 
the exiled nobleman and disappointed lover, whom "man delighted 



*Thi3 post still stands, or rather a similar one, the authorities of the villago 
carefully replacing it when it decays or is injured. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, } BALmioKlsT. 



94 

The old house of Greenway Court was torn down by the owner of 
the property many years since, but the writer saw it standing, and 
wellremernbers it. Itwasalong, lowmansion, built of stone, with 
a veranda in front, overshadowed by ancient locust-trees, old 
dormer-windows lighting the attic, and two belfries on the roof, in- 
tended, st has been supposed, to contain bells for the purpose of 
calling together the settlers in case of an Indian attack. At the dis- 
tance of fifty or a hundred yards, wa« a low stone-cabin, originally 
occupied by Lord Fairlax as an "office" for the issue of deeds to 
settlers, one of which, on yellow parchment, with the brief signature 
"Fairfax," is now before the writer. The larger "court" issaidto 
have been designed by Lord Fairfax for his steward, which would 
soem to indicate an intention of erecting a more suitable mansion for 
himself. But he was an eccentric personage; seems to have pre- 
ferred a small, wooden cabin near ; and here, surrounded by his 
deev, hounds, English servants, rude retainers, and a few books, of 
which a list remains, he passed a number of the latter years of his 
life, a Virginia Nimrod, and king of the wilds. 

Of ^he place and its figures, at that epoch, an idle fancy might 
draw an animated picture — a great fire blazing on the hearth of the 
small house, the autumn foliage brushing the roof, hounds sleeping 
on the floor or gamboling in the sunshine, and his lordship, the 
Earl of Fairfax, and Baron of Cameron, enthroned in hunting-garb 
in his great chair, surrounded by huntsmen, trappers, Indians — all 
the rude society, in a word, of the frontier. His passion was hunt- 
ing, and ii is said that he had also an eccentric fancy for hoarding 
English gold-coin — a considerable quantity was unearthed at the 
spot some years ago. 

Tall, swarthy, reserved, and with no adjuncts of place or power, 
his lordship, nevertheless, preserved considerable state and dignity, 
it is said, as lieutenant of the county and chief magistrate, riding to 
court in his chariot drawn by four horses, and grandly presiding, 
wrapped in a rich red velvet cloak. Thus, in reading, hunting, 
dreaming, passed the long years of Fairfax's exile at Greenway 
Court; aud the boy George Washington came and went, growing to 
manhood. At last the Revolution came, and the boy surveyor was 
appointed commanJer-in-chief of the American armies. What Lord 
Fairfax thought thereof is not known; but one last incident con- 
nects him with the ruddy boy. In 1781 the Earl was at Winchester, 
when a sudden commotion seized upon the people, and when he in- 
quired its meaning, he wms informed that Lord Cornwallis had 
surrendered his army at Yorktown to General George Wash- 
ington. At this intelligence the aged Earl stood aghast. The boy 
to whom he had paid a doubloon a day for surveying, had annihi- 
lated the British dominion on the western continent. The old Earl 
uttered a groan and exclaimed to his old body servant, "Take 
me to bed, Joe; it is time for me to die," and in a few months 
he did die. 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} balSorest. 






KLBZN & If AMBURGER, 

(SUCCESSORS TO THEO. KLEIN,) 

MANUFACTUSEES AND DEALE2S IN 

Gilt, Imitation Rosewood and Walnut 

AND PICTURE FRAMES, 
39 and 41 Clay Street, Baltimore, 31d, 




95 

Saratoga. 
A short distance from Green way Court, and about two miles from 
the little villages of Millwood and White Post, each, is Saratoga, the 
ancient residence of the renowned victor of Tarleton, General Daniel 
Morgan. Saratoga is plain, massive, unpretending, embodying the 
character of its owner. Morgan, in bis youth, fought the Indians 
about Winchester, defended Edward's Fort on Lost River against 
them, and in 1756 took part in Braddock's fatal expedition as a 
common soldier. In this campaign he received a bullet through the 
neck, and four hundred and ninety-nine lashes. Soon the Revolu- 
tion came. He raised a company of the finest youths in Frederick, 
and a battalion in the Valley, and marched to join Washington at 
Boston. These were the first troops that marched from the South 
to the defense of the North. Morgan, on reaching Boston, drew up 
his Virginians, and at Washington's appearance, made the military 
salute and reported "from the right bank of the Potomac, General." 
The face of Washington flushed, his eyes filled, and dismounting, 
passed along t^e entire line, grasping every hand in turn. 

Of Morgac s ability as a soldier there can be no doubt, and his 
merit in the campaigns of the Carolinas is fully recognized by Gen- 
eral Greene and Colonel "Light-Horse Harry" Lee. At the Cow- 
pens, the backwoodsman overthrew the brilliant Colonel Tarleton, 
trained in all the military science of the European school, and the 
result at the battle of Saratoga was claimed by his friends to have 
been largely due to his nerve and soldiership. He is said to have 
named his house "Saratoga," in grim, historic protest against the 
injustice of General Gates, who scarcely mentioned him in his bul- 
letin of the battle. After the war, Morgan retired to the Valley, 
and erected this mansion — taking no part in public affairs thereafter, 
save once, as member of Congress from Frederick county. 

Of this stalwart soldier — a tall, powerful, bony, and plain-spoken 
man — as of the building of his house, many traditions remain in the 
neighborhood. At Winchester, some miles distant, were stationed 
a large number of Hessians, taken prisoners at Saratoga, and as 
these men were, many of them, stone-masons by trade, Morgan em- 
ployed them to build his house. The stone for the puri)0se, which 
is in large blocks, was quarried on the Opcquon, and the Hessians 
arc said to have borne it for miles on their shoulders, the General 
riding beside them, and spurring them on with the statement that, 
" If they did not work, the country could not afford to feed them !" 
Whether this be true or not, the General succeeded in constructing 
an excellent dwelling-house, and here were spent his calm, latter 
years. It is said that in process of time he became deei)ly pious, 
uniting himself to the Presbyterian Church ; but, according to his 
own statement in his last days, he had always experienced strong 
religious impressions. 

"People thought," he said on his death-bed, "that Daniel Mor- 
gan never prayed— they said that old Morgan never was afraid — 
they did not know. Old Morgan was often uiiserably afraid I" 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,! baiSiSst. 



96 

*'0n the night," he declared, "of the storming of Quebec, in the 
deep darkness, he felt his heart sink, and, going aside, knelt down 
by one of the cannon, and prayed that the Lord God Almighty 
would be his shield and defence." In like manner, at the Cow- 
pens, the sight of Tarleton's imposing forces in his front had filled 
him with dismay ; whereupon he retired to the woods near at hand, 
and, kneeling in au old tree-top, prayed earnestly for himself, his 
men, and his country. This is assuredly the true spirit of the Chris- 
tian warrior, shrinking, it may be, from death and judgment, but 
bravely doing his duty after prayer to God; and "Old Morgan" 
here presents a nobh^r si)ectacle than any whiskered "army-man" 
that ever swore to hide his trepidation. 

That the zest of life, however, was powerful in this strong organ- 
ization, there is every reason to believe. Physical health and 
strength made him enjoy life keenly, and relax his hold upon it with 
regret. A tradition remains, that on his death-bed, or in his latter 
daj's, he said to one of his friends: 

"To be only twenty again, I would be willing to be stripped 
naked, and hunted through the Blue Ridge with wild dogs !" 

Morgan died in Winchester in 1802, at the age of sixty-seven, but 
he lived until 1800 at the house of Saratoga. A visit to the place 
will repay the lover of historic localities. With its great dining- 
room, lofty mantel-pieces, decorated with bead-work and panneling, 
its elaborate wainscoting and ponderous walls resembling those of 
some feudal castle, the antique building carries you back to a period 
when all things seem to have been more solid, substantial, and en- 
during, than at present. You fancy that the house reflects the 
character of the person who erected it — a plain, unassuming man, 
making no professions, but genuine, strong, and to be relied upon. 
If the traveler who journeys hither be a lover also of the picturesque, 
his taste will not remain ungratified. Saratoga stands on a gentle 
knoll, half surrounded by an amphitheatre of wooded hills. In 
front, across the rolling Valley, rise the blue battlements of the 
Kidge; a hundred yards away bubble up the bright waters of the 
beautiful fountain; and the wide-spreading willows, drooping their 
tassels in the stream, sigh dreamily in unison with the reverie in 
which the visitor may indulge. 

The House op General Lee. 

Near the little hamlet of Leetown, and in +.he angle formed by the 
waters of the Upi'quou and the Potomac, stand the houses onceoccu- 
])ied by two taraous soldiers, exiles both, and embittered by disgrace 
— General Charles Lee and Horatio Gates. 

Truth is stranger than fiction. The adage is trite, but pithy and 
true. It was suri'ly a singular and striking coincidence that these 
two men should have come hither within a few miles of each othtr, 
to rust out lives once crammed with exciting incident, and crowned 
with honors. Both were Englishmen, and soldiers of fortune. Both 
had been major-generals in the American army. Both had fallen 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,! baltimorIst. 



^7 

into disgrace, and been suspended from their rank. Both were, even 
during their lives, lost from public luemory, and the very resting- 
places of their bodies are now forgo iten. The writer has never passed 
the small bouse occupied by Lee, during nearly the lust quarter of 
the last century, without strongly realizing the great contrast be- 
tween a dwelling so humble, and the career of the human being who 
made this his home — if such a man could possess a home — for so many 
years. Lee's life would furnish material for an exciting romance; 
and the character of the man himselfwas as singular as any imagined 
by writers of fiction. Be was by birth of the English gentry — the 
son of General John Lee, of the British army, who married a daugh- 
ter of Sir Henry Bunbury, Burt. Entering the army a mere boy, he 
took part in the French w^ar in America ; was adopted as a chief by 
the Mohawk Indians, at twenty-four, under the name of "Boiling 
Water," which accurately describes his impetuous character; was 
shot through the body at the battle of Ticonderoga, while shouting 
"Stand by me, my brave grenadiersl" nearly lost his life at the 
siege of Fort Niagara; sailed across Lake Erie, and pierced the wil- 
derness to Fort DuQuesne, going thence ajourney of seven hundred 
miles to Crown Point; descended the St. Lawrence and witnessed 
the surrender of Montreal; and two years afterward was fording the 
Tagus, in tortugal, and making a night attack at the point of the 
bayonet on the Castle of Villa Velha. The King of Portugal made 
him aid-de-camp and major-general, but the Avar ended, and Lee 
came back to England. He could not rest. Scarce more than 
thirty, he opened a violent broadside, with his vigorous pen, on the 
party in power, which drove him from the army, and made him a 
wanderer and soldier of fortune. Thenceforth his life became more 
than ever a romance. He repaired to the court of Frederick the 
Great, and had long talks with that famous autocrat. His next step 
was to ofter his sword to Stanislaus Augustus, King of Poland, who 
made him his aid-de-camp, and admitted him to his table and his 
intimacy. Eternal movement was, however, a necessity of this 
man's blood. He set off for Constantinople; nearly perished from 
cold and hunger in the mountains of Bulgaria; and, in Turkey, was 
wellnigh swallowed up by an earthquake. Thence he passed back 
like a meteor to England; solicited employment without success; 
wrote new and more bitter attacks than before upon the ministry; 
returned to Poland ; was made major-general there, and joined the 
Russian allies, and fought the Turks at Chotzim, retreating with 
the Cossacks, who were terribly cut up by the "Turkish cavalry. 
This terminated the military career of Lee in Europe. He left the 
Polish service, traveled restlessly, tormented by gout and rheuma- 
tism, in Italy, Sicily, Malta, and elsewhere — and these years were 
signalized by new assaults upon the English ministers, so bitter and 
brilliant as to have convinced many persons that Lee was the author 
of " Junius." 

In 1773 the restless and disappointed soldier turned his eyes toward 
America — whose cause he had defended long and ably — and in the 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} BALxmoREST. 



98 

same year we find him at Mount Yernon, consulting with Washing- 
ton, who received him with the consideration due to his military 
ability, and his reputation as a soldier. With Mrs. Washington he 
appears to have been less of a favorite. He is said to have tramped, 
followed by his pack of dogs, through the fine drawing-rooms — had 
these canine pets to sit by him at table — and to have conducted 
himself in a manner not calculated to secure the good graces of a 
neat Virginia housewife. Lee's character and manners were proba- 
bly a more serious obstacle to his popularity with ladies. He Avas 
bitter, cynical, sarcastic, and^it would seem, careless of his person — 
% thin, lanky, angular human being at the best, not such as delights 
Ihe feminine eye. He appears to have indulged throughout life a 
liabit of sneering at everything: and, when he left Mount Vernon, 
Ihe lady of the house no doubt rejoiced at his departure. 

The famous soldier was warmly welcomed by Congress, made 
major-general, and seems to have aspired to the chief command . ] t 
was Avisely withheld, and fell to Washington — and the Monmouth 
business followed. Lee ordered, or was charged with ordering, his 
corps to fall back in the heat of action. Washington rode toward 
him, through the smoke, raging, with flaming eyes, uttering impre- 
cations almost ; and, after the battle, Major-General Lee was court- 
martialed, found guilty, and deprived of his rank in the army. 

So e«ided, suddenly, all the brilliant dreams of the soldier of for- 
tune, who had, no doubt, looked forward to becoming sooner or 
later, generalissimo of the American armies. The blow seems to 
have well nigh paralyzed him, for he never again made an effort to 
attain military position in America or elsewhere. His sentiment 
toward Washington became bitter beyond words; and he retired in 
wrath and disgust to the small stone-house in the Valley, near the 
Opequon, of which I have made mention in the commencement of 
this article. 

Here, General Charles Lee lived the life of a cynic and full-blooded 
Diogenes. The interior of the house had no partitions, being 
divided, by imaginary lines merely, into chamber, sitting-room, 
kitchen, etc.; and in this cabin, surrounded by his dogs, with his 
saddle thrown down in one corner, Lee vegetated year after year. 
His only companion was an Italian body-servant, Minghini, and he 
rarely visited any one save General Gates, who lived some miles 
distant. His bitterness, cynicism, and blasphemous contempt for 
everything sacred, are clearly shown by well-established tradition. 
His hounds were named after the Holy Trinity and the Twelve 
Apostles, and he left directions in his will that his body should not 
be buried "in any church or church-yard, or within a mile of any 
Presbyterian or Anabaptist meeting-house ; for, since he had resided 
in this country, he had kept so much bad company when living, 
that he did not choose to continue it when dead." When on a visit 
once to General Gates, a quarrel is said to have taken place between 
the latter and Mrs. Gates, who passionately demanded of General 
Lee his opinion on the merits of the controversy, and of herself. 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne, 



No. 179 
BALTIMORK ST. 



99 

This unlucky question gave Lee an opportunity to display all his 
Junius-like spleen. "Madam," he said, with mock ceremony and 
a bitter sneer, "my opinion of you is, that you are — a tragedy in 
private life, and afarce to all the world P ' 

With Washington, bis relations remained embittered, and he 
wrote and published "Queries: Political and Military," in which 
he made a fierce attack on the great soldier. In after-years, it ia 
said that Washington forgave or forgot these old enmities, and, 
when once in the Valley, sent word to General Lee that he would 
on a certain day come and dine with him. Lee's action was prompt. 
He mounted his horse and rode away. When Washington reached 
the house, he found tacked upon the front do )r a slip of paper con- 
taining the words, " iVb meat cooked here to-d // / " 

These incidents are given on the authority of neighborhood 
tradition. Tlie general estimate of Lee is based, however, upon 
an old volume entitled "Memoirs of the Life of the late Charles Lee, 
Esq., Lieuteaant-Colonel of the Forty-fourtli Regiment, Colonel in 
the Portuguese Service, Major-Gcneral and Aid-de-Camp to the 
King of Portugal, and Second in (Command in the Service of the 
United States of America, during the Revolution. London, 1792." 
It is possible that the Avriter was politically hostile to Lee, but 
there seems little reason to question the intense cynicism and 
bitterness of the soldier's character. After all, however, he was 
his own worst enemy. To his savage "Queries," Washington 
made no reply ; and he sank into obscurity and utter neglect, which 
most of all must have galled his proud and arrogant nature. 
Nobody seemed to think him worth the trouble of notice. He 
growled in his solitary den in the wilderness, but his growls were 
unheeded. He would no doubt have died here, but on a visit to 
Philadelphia be was "seized with ashivering," and taking to his 
bed in an obscure inn called "The Conestoga Wagoner," never 
again rose. His last hours were passed in delirious rautterings, 
which indicated that his memory had returned to adv^enturous 
incidents of his career in Europe and America. The words uttered 
by him to his men at Ticonderoga were the last on his lips. 

"Stand by me, my brave grenadiers I" he exclaimed. Soon after 
this fierce cry, the bitter exile expired. 

He had been aid-de-camp and friend of kings, second in command 
in a republic, a writer so famous as to be thought the real Junius, 
and he died thus in the western wilds, lost from sight and memory . 
The traveler, passing the small, stone-house with its dilapidated 
enclosure, can scarcely realize that here dragged out the last years 
of a soldier and political writer once so famous. 

Traveler's Rest. 

"Traveler's Rest," the residence of General Gates, comes next 

into view. The singular coincidence in the lives of Lee and Gates 

was remarkal)le, and being neighbors intensifies one's interest in 

Ihe^e two remarkable men. Gen. Gates was the son of Capt. Gates 

Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore .st 



100 

of the British Army, and Horace Walpold officiated as god-father 
at his christening. Entering the Royal American forces, he served 
in various quarters; gained credit in Martinque, was with Brad- 
dock on his expedition in 1756, to Fort Du Quesne, and returned 
to London. He again repaired to America in 1773. Went to 
Mount Vernon, where Lee then was, and duly received a high 
commission in the army. At the battle of Camden his ambition 
was overthrown, Congress deprived him of his command, and he 
retired to the Valley of Virginia, purchased a house, and iben spent 
his days in retirement and obscurity. The house occupied by him 
bears the name of "Traveler's Rest." Here General Horatio Gates 
had once glittered in the zenith of fame, here he dragged out his 
latter days in obscurity. 

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No. 179 



Read's Grand Duchess Cologne,} Baltimore st 





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